Greyhounds

Greyhound At a glance

Size:
Weight Range:

Male: 65-70 lbs.
Female: 60-65 lbs.

Height at Withers:

Male: 30 in.

                                                                                  Female: 28 in.                                                                                                                                                                           Features:                                                                                             Dolichocephalic (long face)

Expectations:
Exercise Requirements: 20-40 minutes/day
Energy Level: Laid back
Longevity Range: 10-13 yrs.
Tendency to Drool: Low Tendency to Snore: Low
Tendency to Bark: Low
Tendency to Dig: Low Social/Attention Needs: Moderate
Bred For:
Coursing hares

Coat:
Length: Short
Characteristics: Flat
Colors: All colors accepted
Overall Grooming Needs: Low

Club Recognition:
AKC Classification: Hound
UKC Classification: Sighthounds & Pariahs
Prevalence: Common

Thank You For Reading

Contributions of Albert Einstein

I am sure that every single person who is reading this has heard of Albert Einstein in one way or another. You probably have seen his last name being used as a synonym of genius, smart, or other words to describe someone intelligent. Maybe, you’ve even heard of E=mc² as one of his biggest and most important achievements. But what do all of these things mean? There are way too many people who know about Einstein as a genius, but they don’t know why he’s so famous. There are at least a thousand people alive right now who have a higher IQ than Einstein. Einstein himself considered Niccola Tesla to be smarter than him. The reason Einstien is so famous is because of his contributions to humanity, which I’ll explain in this blog. More specifically, I’ll be explaining his two most important contributions to humanity that affect us every day.

The first, arguably the most important contribution is Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Please note that this is an umbrella term that contains many sub-theories. With that being said, I think the biggest use of this theory is in GPS systems. Einstein discovered that gravity ever-so-slightly slow time down. (think microseconds). One of the components of GPS systems is that satellites need to have an extremely precise idea of time to get the location accurately. The time change by the lack of gravity that satellites experience becomes a big problem now. Luckily that difference is accounted for so we’ll be fine. But if Einstein hadn’t discovered that law, GPS wouldn’t be impossible. Next time you or your parents use GPS, remember that it’s Einstien and his imagination that helped make this possible. And yes, I meant it when I said his imagination. He sat for a while and thought up these theories. 

Another big contribution from Einstien was the discovery of the equation E=mc².  I won’t go into the details of the principles behind this equation or even what each of the variables means. I’ll instead go into the effect of this law. The effect of this law is that seemingly small objects contain an enormous amount of energy at an atomic level. Because of this law, a walnut has enough energy to power the entirety of New York City for around 52 days, though tapping that energy is only possible in certain elements as of right now.  The discovery of this is what allowed nuclear power to be invented. The most well-known effect of this is the invention of the nuclear bomb. The world might have been in some kind of war right now if countries weren’t scared about each other’s nukes. But there are other uses to this equation as well, such as nuclear power. France, for example, gets 75% of its electricity from nuclear power plants. Next time you hear about anything nuclear, remember that it’s Einstein who made it possible.

There are definitely more things that Einstein helped to discover. But these two things are by far the two most tangible. Einstein was no doubt a genius. But it’s disrespectful to him to only remember that him as some crazy smart guy. Because he’s one of the most important figures of the 20th century, perhaps even in history. There’s no telling of how this world would be(if it would even exist) without him. Thanks for reading my blog!

Life lessons to learn from ramayan

Is Ramayana an mere epic on Lord Ram or a lesson for all of us. I think, it is a lesson for me. Why? How? When I read for first time I learnt many things I will be telling 4 of them

Ramayan रामायण 3D Cartoon In Hindi 2019 Cartoon in Hindi Full Movie 3D Animated  Cartoon Motu Patlu - YouTube
Ramayan

Honour Your Word

One of the basic but strong messages given by Ramayana and the life of Lord Rama is rendering value to your own word. No matter what price you need to pay, but honouring your word is equivalent to worshipping the God within you. In Ramayana, King Dasharatha sent his eldest son, Lord Rama on exile to honour the promise he gave to his wife Kaikeyi without knowing that she would make such a demand in a bid to pronounce her son Bharath as the next King of Ayodhya. But a man of principles like Lord Rama didn’t question his father and without any second thought, he left the empire and his princely life to live life like an ordinary man for the next 14 years in forests. We learnt that it is not only our word but are parents too that we need to respect,no mater what hardship we need to suffer.

Pertinence of righteousness

Following the path of dharma, Maryada Purushottam Lord Rama took every step in his life to be truthful and righteous. He left the kingdom of Ayodhya when he was the true successor to the throne just to honour his father’s word. On the quest one of his subjects, he even asked Sita to go through Agni Pariksha (an ordeal of fire) to prove her sanctity. It is said that Lord Rama was in grief to have asked Sita to undergo this terrible test but to protect her respect and to prove her purity in front of his whole kingdom, he had to take this action, which he thought ,was right. We learn that no matter what you need to do always be truthful and righteouss .

Adhere To Your Dharma

The Survanshi dynasty of which Lord Rama belonged was known to give birth to kings of great valour. The event when his subjects objected on Sita’s purity, Lord Rama asked her to leave the kingdom while being disheartened, shows that Lord Rama believed in following his dharma of keeping his subjects happy. He sacrificed his marital life for the sake of his subjects. Though many people won’t consider this right but no matter what, we must train our minds to follow good principles that is advantageous for everyone concerned. We must stop letting our mind dwindle and be biased to situations .

Always follow dharm Be A Gentle and compassionate human being

Being in the mortal form, Lord Rama lived a princely life till he grew up but this king of Suryavanshi clan did not hesitate while eating fruits (ber), which were already tasted by a poor old woman named Shabri. In another instance, when his whole Vanarsena was busy building a bridge towards Lanka, he saw a squirrel putting in his best efforts too. To recognise his immense contribution in finding Sita, Lord Rama picked the tiny being from his hands and gently patted it with compassion. In our life, we too must never discriminate between people or judge them by their looks. Also the cruelty we show towards animals is far away from act of compassion. To conclude.

I would say that ramayan is a manual for human life. It teaches us the way to live and is applicable to everyone whether be a king or a commoner . As it teaches the concept of service leadership. I recommend everyone, to not only read ramayan but to study it, analysed it and understand it.

HAPPY READING

What is an Arduino

What is an Arduino ? 

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (‘shields’) or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is also known as the “Arduino language”. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

Arduino Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[51] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).

Arduino Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.[28] The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[29] The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Different Arduino Boards
There are different Arduino boards which are following,

Arduino UNO (R3)
LilyPad Arduino
Red Board
Arduino Mega (R3)
Arduino Leonardo

Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino UNO R3 is a new board and by comparing with the previous Arduino boards it has some additional features. The Arduino UNO uses the Atmega16U2 instead of 8U2 and it allows faster transfer rate & more memory. There is no need of extra devices for the Linux & Mac and the ability to have the UNO show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

The Arduino R3 adds SDA & SCL pins which are next to the AREF and in addition, there are two pins which are placed near the RESET pin. The first pin is IOREF, it will allow the shields to adapt to the voltage from the board.

The other pin is not connected and it is reserved for the future purpose. The working of Arduino R3 is by all existing shields and it will adapt new shields which use these additional pins.

LilyPad Arduino
This board is an Arduino Programmable Microcontroller and it is designed to integrate easily into an e-textiles & wearable projects. The other Arduino boards have the same functionality like lightweight, round package designed to minimize snagging and profile, with wide tabs that can be sewn down and connected with conductive thread.

This Arduino board consist of an Atmega 328 with the Arduino bootloader and to keep it as a small minimum external component are required. The power supply of this board is 2V to 5V and offers large pin-out holes that make it easy to sew and connect. Each pin is connected to positive and negative terminals and to control the input & output devices like light, motor, and switch.

This Arduino technology was designed and developed by Leah Buechley and each LilyPad was creatively designed to have large connecting pads to allow them to be sewn into clothing. There is an available of various input, output, and sensor boards and they are washable.

Arduino Mega (R3)
The Arduino Mega is a type of Microcontroller and it is based on the ATmega2560. It consists of 54 digital input/output pins and from the total pins 14 pins are used for the PWM output, 16 pins are used for the analog inputs, 4 pins are used for the hardware serial port of the UART. There are pins like crystal oscillator of 16 MHz, USB connection, RESET pin, ICSP header, and a power barrel jack

This Arduino Mega is also having SDA and SCL pins which are next to the AREF. There are two new pins near the RESET pin which are IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes.

Features of the Arduino Mega (R3)
ATmega2560 Microcontroller
Input voltage – 7-12V
54 Digital I/O Pins (14 PWM outputs)
16 Analog Inputs
256k Flash Memory
16Mhz Clock Speed

Arduino Leonardo
The Leonardo Arduino board is a Microcontroller board and it is based on the ATmega32u4 data sheet. This Arduino board has 20 digital input/out pins and from the total number of pins, seven pins are used for the pulse width modulation output and 12 pins are used as an analog input and there are the 16MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, RESET pin and power jack.

It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Leonardo differs from all preceding boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor.

This allows the Leonardo to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial COM port. It also has other implications for the behavior of the board; these are detailed on the getting started page.

Arduino Red Board
The Arduino red board is programmed by using the USB cable of mini-B with the help of Arduino IDE software.

Without any modifications in the security system there, it will work in Windows8 OS. The Arduino red board is more constant because USB and FTDI chips are used and they are flat on the back.

Creating it is very simple to utilize in the project design. Just plug the board, select the menu option to choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready to upload the program. You can control the RedBoard over USB cables using the barrel jack.
That is everything you need to know about the Arduino

Thank You For Reading !!!!

GIANT PANDAS

                                                                          General Information                                                                                The charismatic giant panda is a global conservation icon. Thanks to decades of successful conservation work, wild panda numbers are starting to recover, but they remain at risk. Human activities continue to be the biggest threats to their survival. An extensive giant panda nature reserve network exists, but one-third of all wild pandas live outside of protected areas in small isolated populations.

Pandas typically lead a solitary life. They’re excellent tree climbers, but they spend most of their time feeding. They can eat for 14 hours a day, mainly bamboo, which is 99% of their diet (though they sometimes eat eggs or small animals too).

Giant pandas are living proof that conservation efforts work.

WHERE GIANT PANDAS LIVE
Wild giant pandas could once have been found throughout eastern and southern China, northern Vietnam and northern Myanmar. Now the pandas range is restricted to just six isolated mountain ranges in Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces in south-central China.

They live mainly in deciduous broadleaf, mixed conifer and sub-alpine coniferous forests between elevations of about 1,200-3,400 metres.

WHY GIANT PANDAS ARE SO IMPORTANT
Giant pandas help to keep their mountain forests healthy by spreading seeds in their droppings, which helps vegetation to thrive.

The panda’s forest environment is also important for local people – for food, income and fuel for cooking and heating. Giant pandas live in the mountain catchment areas of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, whose river basins are the economic heart of China, home to over half a billion people.

Panda habitat rivals the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem in the world. It’s also vitally important for other threatened and endangered species, including golden snub-nosed monkeys, takins, red pandas and snow leopards.

By protecting pandas we’re helping conserve the wider environment, for the people and wildlife that depend on it.

Thank You For Reading !!!!

What is Evolution

What is Evolution

In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.

The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Evolution relies on there being genetic variation in a population which affects the physical characteristics (phenotype) of an organism.
Some of these characteristics may give the individual an advantage over other individuals which they can then pass on to their offspring.

What is natural selection?
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution states that evolution happens by natural selection.
Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics. This variation is because of differences in their genes?.
Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to their children.
Individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment are less likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore their genes are less likely to be passed on to the next generation.
As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.

Different types of evolution
Convergent evolution
When the same adaptations evolve independently, under similar selection pressures.
For example, flying insects, birds and bats have all evolved the ability to fly, but independently of each other.

Co-evolution
When two species or groups of species have evolved alongside each other where one adapts to changes in the other.
For example, flowering plants and pollinating insects such as bees.

Adaptive radiation
When a species splits into a number of new forms when a change in the environment makes new resources available or creates new environmental challenges.
For example, finches on the Galapagos Islands have developed different shaped beaks to take advantage of the different kinds of food available on different islands.

Thank You For Reading !!!!

EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON TEENS

Surveys show that ninety percent of teens ages 13-17 use social media. Seventy-five percent report having at least one active social media profile, and 51% visiting a social media site at least once daily.

Hi. I’m Reneeka, and today’s topic is all about the ways social media affects teens. 

I hardly think an introduction to social media in today’s online generation would be necessary. It’s simple: 1 out of every four teens is an avid social media user, using at least two different social media each day. 

For folks who don’t have a clue about what social media is, here’s the definition for it. As described by the dictionary, it is a website and application that enables users to create and share content or to participate in social networking. 

It’s a common belief that overrated platforms like TikTok or YouTube are the only examples of social media. In reality, any app that allows you to communicate with others and express yourself is social media. It includes your online school too.

The grasp and dependence on social media of teens far exceed that of many adults. Go figure. Hence, it is crucial to understand how it mentally impacts us. Several health issues develop as a result of too much time spent online.

What makes social media so “attractive”? A study by researchers at the UCLA brain mapping center found a distinct region of our brain becomes activated at the mere prospect of receiving likes. This reward region is particularly sensitive during the teen years, which could explain why teens are attracted to social media. 

Additional studies have established a link between depression and social media. Prolong use of social media may show a sign of depression or low self-esteem. According to a study, people who use more than seven social media platforms have more than three times the risk of depression than people who use two or fewer sites. 

Social networking leads to a deterioration in social activity and an increase in loneliness. You may argue that social media does provide a stage for communication, but you may as well know that humans are social creatures programmed for physical connection.

Social media, in a nutshell, is a fabrication of lies. Unfortunately, what most teens do not realize is that people post their “highlight reel” and usually hide their experiences. It creates a notion of perfectness and pressures teens to have perfect posts or images. Teens who place a priority on social media will often concentrate on showing how much they are having fun, rather than focusing on having fun! 

It takes a lot of time and effort to keep up with the unspoken rules and culture of each social media platform. As a result, this puts additional pressure on teens, which can cause feelings of anxiety. Some studies have found that the larger a teen’s social circle is online, the more feeling of pressure is. 

A study showed that one-fifth of teens “almost always” wake up during the night and log in to social media. It’s a proven fact that sleep is vital for development in children. Consequently, this sleep loss can lead to moodiness, a drop in grades, and overeating, as well as intensify existing problems like depression and anxiety.

While social media can be a fantastic place for keeping in touch with loved ones, it is not the same as face-to-face communication. Under forced circumstances, I’ve been chatting with my friends a lot lately. But if you ask me to do the same, but face-to-face, let say through a virtual meeting, I would fail miserably. 

See? That’s what I’m trying to indicate. Many teens spend so much time online that they forget to talk to the person in front of them! As a result, teens risk having relationships that are not deep or genuine.

So, what’s the solution? You don’t have to quit social media; you will have to learn to use it better! Because so much brain development takes place during the teen years, we mustn’t neglect the impact of social media on us. We have the power of using it, make sure it doesn’t use you!

Thank you!

Pandemics Over The Years

Pandemics That Changed History
As human civilizations rose, these diseases struck them down.

In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. When an epidemic spreads beyond a country’s borders, that’s when the disease officially becomes a pandemic.

Communicable diseases existed during humankind’s hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian life 10,000 years ago created communities that made epidemics more possible. Malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, smallpox and others first appeared during this period.

The more civilized humans became, building cities and forging trade routes to connect with other cities, and waging wars with them, the more likely pandemics became. See a timeline below of pandemics that, in ravaging human populations, changed history.

Pandemics Of The History

430 B.C.: Athens
The earliest recorded pandemic happened during the Peloponnesian War. After the disease passed through Libya, Ethiopia and Egypt, it crossed the Athenian walls as the Spartans laid siege. As much as two-thirds of the population died.

The symptoms included fever, thirst, bloody throat and tongue, red skin and lesions. The disease, suspected to have been typhoid fever, weakened the Athenians significantly and was a significant factor in their defeat by the Spartans.

165 A.D.: Antonine Plague
The Antonine plague was possibly an early appearance of smallpox that began with the Huns. The Huns then infected the Germans, who passed it to the Romans and then returning troops spread it throughout the Roman empire. Symptoms included fever, sore throat, diarrhea and, if the patient lived long enough, pus-filled sores. This plague continued until about 180 A.D., claiming Emperor Marcus Aurelius as one of its victims.

250 A.D.: Cyprian Plague
Named after the first known victim, the Christian bishop of Carthage, the Cyprian plague entailed diarrhea, vomiting, throat ulcers, fever and gangrenous hands and feet.

City dwellers fled to the country to escape infection but instead spread the disease further. Possibly starting in Ethiopia, it passed through Northern Africa, into Rome, then onto Egypt and northward.

There were recurring outbreaks over the next three centuries. In 444 A.D., it hit Britain and obstructed defense efforts against the Picts and the Scots, causing the British to seek help from the Saxons, who would soon control the island.

541 A.D.: Justinian Plague
First appearing in Egypt, the Justinian plague spread through Palestine and the Byzantine Empire, and then throughout the Mediterranean.

The plague changed the course of the empire, squelching Emperor Justinian’s plans to bring the Roman Empire back together and causing massive economic struggle. It is also credited with creating an apocalyptic atmosphere that spurred the rapid spread of Christianity.

Recurrences over the next two centuries eventually killed about 50 million people, 26 percent of the world population. It is believed to be the first significant appearance of the bubonic plague, which features enlarged lymphatic gland and is carried by rats and spread by fleas.

11th Century: Leprosy
Though it had been around for ages, leprosy grew into a pandemic in Europe in the Middle Ages, resulting in the building of numerous leprosy-focused hospitals to accommodate the vast number of victims.

A slow-developing bacterial disease that causes sores and deformities, leprosy was believed to be a punishment from God that ran in families. This belief led to moral judgments and ostracization of victims. Now known as Hansen’s disease, it still afflicts tens of thousands of people a year and can be fatal if not treated with antibiotics.

1350: The Black Death
Responsible for the death of one-third of the world population, this second large outbreak of the bubonic plague possibly started in Asia and moved west in caravans. Entering through Sicily in 1347 A.D. when plague sufferers arrived in the port of Messina, it spread throughout Europe rapidly. Dead bodies became so prevalent that many remained rotting on the ground and created a constant stench in cities.

England and France were so incapacitated by the plague that the countries called a truce to their war. The British feudal system collapsed when the plague changed economic circumstances and demographics. Ravaging populations in Greenland, Vikings lost the strength to wage battle against native populations, and their exploration of North America halted.

1492: The Columbian Exchange
Following the arrival of the Spanish in the Caribbean, diseases such as smallpox, measles and bubonic plague were passed along to the native populations by the Europeans. With no previous exposure, these diseases devastated indigenous people, with as many as 90 percent dying throughout the north and south continents.

Upon arrival on the island of Hispaniola, Christopher Columbus encountered the Taino people, population 60,000. By 1548, the population stood at less than 500. This scenario repeated itself throughout the Americas.

In 1520, the Aztec Empire was destroyed by a smallpox infection. The disease killed many of its victims and incapacitated others. It weakened the population so they were unable to resist Spanish colonizers and left farmers unable to produce needed crops.

Research in 2019 even concluded that the deaths of some 56 million Native Americans in the 16th and 17th centuries, largely through disease, may have altered Earth’s climate as vegetation growth on previously tilled land drew more CO2 from the atmosphere and caused a cooling event.

1665: The Great Plague of London
n another devastating appearance, the bubonic plague led to the deaths of 20 percent of London’s population. As human death tolls mounted and mass graves appeared, hundreds of thousands of cats and dogs were slaughtered as the possible cause and the disease spread through ports along the Thames. The worst of the outbreak tapered off in the fall of 1666, around the same time as another destructive event—the Great Fire of London.

1817: First Cholera Pandemic
The first of seven cholera pandemics over the next 150 years, this wave of the small intestine infection originated in Russia, where one million people died. Spreading through feces-infected water and food, the bacterium was passed along to British soldiers who brought it to India where millions more died. The reach of the British Empire and its navy spread cholera to Spain, Africa, Indonesia, China, Japan, Italy, Germany and America, where it killed 150,000 people. A vaccine was created in 1885, but pandemics continued.

1855: The Third Plague Pandemic
Starting in China and moving to India and Hong Kong, the bubonic plague claimed 15 million victims. Initially spread by fleas during a mining boom in Yunnan, the plague is considered a factor in the Parthay rebellion and the Taiping rebellion. India faced the most substantial casualties, and the epidemic was used as an excuse for repressive policies that sparked some revolt against the British. The pandemic was considered active until 1960 when cases dropped below a couple hundred.

1875: Fiji Measles Pandemic
After Fiji ceded to the British Empire, a royal party visited Australia as a gift from Queen Victoria. Arriving during a measles outbreak, the royal party brought the disease back to their island, and it was spread further by the tribal heads and police who met with them upon their return.

Spreading quickly, the island was littered with corpses that were scavenged by wild animals, and entire villages died and were burned down, sometimes with the sick trapped inside the fires. One-third of Fiji’s population, a total of 40,000 people, died.

1889: Russian Flu
The first significant flu pandemic started in Siberia and Kazakhstan, traveled to Moscow, and made its way into Finland and then Poland, where it moved into the rest of Europe. By the following year, it had crossed the ocean into North America and Africa. By the end of 1890, 360,000 had died.

1918: Spanish Flu
The avian-borne flu that resulted in 50 million deaths worldwide, the 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain. Wire service reports of a flu outbreak in Madrid in the spring of 1918 led to the pandemic being called the “Spanish flu.”

By October, hundreds of thousands of Americans died and body storage scarcity hit crisis level. But the flu threat disappeared in the summer of 1919 when most of the infected had either developed immunities or died.

1957: Asian flu
Starting in Hong Kong and spreading throughout China and then into the United States, the Asian flu became widespread in England where, over six months, 14,000 people died. A second wave followed in early 1958, causing an estimated total of about 1.1 million deaths globally, with 116,000 deaths in the United States alone. A vaccine was developed, effectively containing the pandemic.

1981: HIV/AIDS
First identified in 1981, AIDS destroys a person’s immune system, resulting in eventual death by diseases that the body would usually fight off. Those infected by the HIV virus encounter fever, headache, and enlarged lymph nodes upon infection. When symptoms subside, carriers become highly infectious through blood and genital fluid, and the disease destroys t-cells.

AIDS was first observed in American gay communities but is believed to have developed from a chimpanzee virus from West Africa in the 1920s. The disease, which spreads through certain body fluids, moved to Haiti in the 1960s, and then New York and San Francisco in the 1970s.

Treatments have been developed to slow the progress of the disease, but 35 million people worldwide have died of AIDS since its discovery, and a cure is yet to be found.

2003: SARS
First identified in 2003 after several months of cases, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is believed to have possibly started with bats, spread to cats and then to humans in China, followed by 26 other countries, infecting 8,096 people, with 774 deaths.

SARS is characterized by respiratory problems, dry cough, fever and head and body aches and is spread through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.

Quarantine efforts proved effective and by July, the virus was contained and hasn’t reappeared since. China was criticized for trying to suppress information about the virus at the beginning of the outbreak.

SARS was seen by global health professionals as a wake-up call to improve outbreak responses, and lessons from the pandemic were used to keep diseases like H1N1, Ebola and Zika under control

2019: COVID-19
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that the COVID-19 virus was officially a pandemic after barreling through 114 countries in three months and infecting over 118,000 people. And the spread wasn’t anywhere near finished.

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus—a new coronavirus strain that has not been previously found in people. Symptoms include respiratory problems, fever and cough, and can lead to pneumonia and death. Like SARS, it’s spread through droplets from sneezes.

The first reported case in China appeared November 17, 2019, in the Hubei Province, but went unrecognized. Eight more cases appeared in December with researchers pointing to an unknown virus.

Many learned about COVID-19 when ophthalmologist Dr. Li Wenliang defied government orders and released safety information to other doctors. The following day, China informed WHO and charged Li with a crime. Li died from COVID-19 just over a month later.

Without a vaccine available, the virus spread beyond Chinese borders and by mid-March, it had spread globally to more than 163 countries. On February 11, the infection was officially christened COVID-19.

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Wormholes Explained

The wormhole theory postulates that a theoretical passage through space-time could create shortcuts for long journeys across the universe. Wormholes are predicted by the theory of general relativity. But be wary: wormholes bring with them the dangers of sudden collapse, high radiation and dangerous contact with exotic matter.

Wormhole theory
Wormholes were first theorized in 1916, though that wasn’t what they were called at the time. While reviewing another physicist’s solution to the equations in Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, Austrian physicist Ludwig Flamm realized another solution was possible. He described a “white hole,” a theoretical time reversal of a black hole. Entrances to both black and white holes could be connected by a space-time conduit.

“The whole thing is very hypothetical at this point,” said Stephen Hsu, a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Oregon, told our sister site, Live Science. “No one thinks we’re going to find a wormhole anytime soon.”

Wormholes contain two mouths, with a throat connecting the two. The mouths would most likely be spheroidal. The throat might be a straight stretch, but it could also wind around, taking a longer path than a more conventional route might require.

Einstein’s theory of general relativity mathematically predicts the existence of wormholes, but none have been discovered to date. A negative mass wormhole might be spotted by the way its gravity affects light that passes by.

Certain solutions of general relativity allow for the existence of wormholes where the mouth of each is a black hole. However, a naturally occurring black hole, formed by the collapse of a dying star, does not by itself create a wormhole.

Through the wormhole
Science fiction is filled with tales of traveling through wormholes. But the reality of such travel is more complicated, and not just because we’ve yet to spot one.

The first problem is size. Primordial wormholes are predicted to exist on microscopic levels, about 10–33 centimeters. However, as the universe expands, it is possible that some may have been stretched to larger sizes.

Another problem comes from stability. The predicted Einstein-Rosen wormholes would be useless for travel because they collapse quickly.

“You would need some very exotic type of matter in order to stabilize a wormhole,” said Hsu, “and it’s not clear whether such matter exists in the universe.”

But more recent research found that a wormhole containing “exotic” matter could stay open and unchanging for longer periods of time.

Exotic matter, which should not be confused with dark matter or antimatter, contains negative energy density and a large negative pressure. Such matter has only been seen in the behavior of certain vacuum states as part of quantum field theory.

If a wormhole contained sufficient exotic matter, whether naturally occurring or artificially added, it could theoretically be used as a method of sending information or travelers through space. Unfortunately, human journeys through the space tunnels may be challenging.

“The jury is not in, so we just don’t know,” physicist Kip Thorne, one of the world’s leading authorities on relativity, black holes and wormholes, told Space.com. “But there are very strong indications that wormholes that a human could travel through are forbidden by the laws of physics. That’s sad, that’s unfortunate, but that’s the direction in which things are pointing.”

Wormholes may not only connect two separate regions within the universe, they could also connect two different universes. Similarly, some scientists have conjectured that if one mouth of a wormhole is moved in a specific manner, it could allow for time travel.

“You can go into the future or into the past using traversable wormholes,” astrophysicist Eric Davis told Live Science. But it won’t be easy: “It would take a Herculean effort to turn a wormhole into a time machine. It’s going to be tough enough to pull off a wormhole.”

However, British cosmologist Stephen Hawking has argued that such use is not possible. [Weird Science: Wormholes Make the Best Time Machines]

“A wormhole is not really a means of going back in time, it’s a short cut, so that something that was far away is much closer,” NASA’s Eric Christian wrote.

Although adding exotic matter to a wormhole might stabilize it to the point that human passengers could travel safely through it, there is still the possibility that the addition of “regular” matter would be sufficient to destabilize the portal.

Today’s technology is insufficient to enlarge or stabilize wormholes, even if they could be found. However, scientists continue to explore the concept as a method of space travel with the hope that technology will eventually be able to utilize them.

“You would need some of super-super-advanced technology,” Hsu said. “Humans won’t be doing this any time in the near future.”

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The Japanese folktale of the selfish scholar

In ancient Kyoto, a devout Shinto scholar lived a simple life, but he was often distracted from his prayers by the bustling city. He felt that his neighbors were polluting his soul, and he sought to perform some kind of personal harae- a purification ritual that would cleanse his body and his mind. He decided to travel to the revered Hie Shrine. The trip was an arduous climb that took all day. But he was glad for the solitude it afforded him, and the peace he felt upon returning home was profound.

The scholar was determined to maintain this clarity for as long as possible, and resolved to make this pilgrimage another 99 times. He would walk the path alone, ignoring any distractions in his quest for balance, and never straying from his purpose. The man was true to his word, and as days stretched into weeks, he walked through driving rain and searing sun. Over time, his devotion revealed the invisible world of spirits which exists alongside our own. He began to sense the kami, which animated the rocks underfoot, the breeze that cooled him, and the animals grazing in the fields. Still he spoke to no one, spirit or human. He was determined to avoid contact with those who had strayed from the path and become polluted with kegare. This taboo of defilement hung over the sick and deceased, as well as those who defiled the land or committed violent crimes. Of all the threats to the scholar’s quest for spiritual purity, kegare was by far the greatest. After paying his respects for the 80th time, he set out for home once more.

But as darkness fell, he heard strained sobs in the night air. The scholar tried to push forward and ignore the moans. But the desperate cries overwhelmed him. Grimacing, he left his path to follow the sound to its source. He soon came to a cramped cottage with a woman crumpled outside. Filled with pity, the scholar implored the woman to share her sorrow. She had explained that her mother just died but no one would help her with the burial. At that news, his heart sank. Touching the body would defile his spirit, draining his life force and leaving him forsaken by the kami. But as he listened to her cries his sympathy soared. And so, they buried the old woman together, to ensure her safe passage into the spirit world.

The burial was complete, but the taboo of death weighed heavily on the scholar. How could he have been so foolish, to shirk his most important rule and corrupt his divine journey? After a tormented night, he resolved to go back to the shrine to cleanse himself. To his surprise, the usually silent temple was filled with people, all gathering around a medium who communicated directly with the kami. The man hid himself, not daring approach in case anyone glimpse his polluted soul.

But the medium had other ways of seeing, and called him forward from the crowd. Ready to be forsaken, the scholar approached the holy woman. But the medium merely smiled. She took his impure hands in hers, and whispered a blessing only he could hear thanking him for his kindness. In that moment the scholar discovered a great spiritual secret: contamination and corruption are two very different things. Filled with insight the scholar set himself back on his journey.

 But this time, he stopped to help those he met. He began to see the beauty of the spirit world everywhere he went, even in the city he had previously shunned. Others cautioned that he risked kegare but he never told them why he so freely mingled with the sick and disadvantaged. For he knew that people could only truly understand harae through a journey of their own.

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Evidence Collection in the U.S and the Netherlands

Intro: United States

The United States doesn’t allow improperly or illegally obtained evidence to be used to convict the accused in its court system and the evidence is excluded without decision or consideration. The Netherlands, on the other hand, is more lenient on how evidence is obtained.

Evidence: Netherlands

Evidence that is obtained in an illegal way isn’t excluded right away. It depends on many factors like to what extent the way of obtaining evidence was illegal. Evidence that was acquired wrongfully can be used in many cases, but it may result in a criminal offense since the way the evidence way obtained was illegal. For example, if the evidence that was obtained illegally proves that the accused is guilty, it will be used in court since it was used lawfully but obtained unlawfully.

Reflection

I think that the laws of evidence for obtaining evidence illegally or improperly in the Netherlands are better than the laws for obtaining evidence illegally in the United States. The Netherlands’ laws are well-balanced and fair in my opinion. This is because it prevents the guilty party from getting released while also not giving the police or accuser who acquired the evidence wrongfully an unfair advantage by not giving any consequences. Furthermore, if the way of obtaining the evidence wasn’t a significant illegal act, the guilty party is given a lighter sentence or some other form of compensation for the improper evidence used to punish them.

I have mixed feelings on the U.S. laws for evidence on obtaining evidence illegally. The laws are good but also bad depending on the situation. Since the evidence that is obtained illegally will be excluded, even if the police or accuser finds evidence that proves the defendant guilty, it will not be used to convict the defendant. More evidence that is obtained legally will be needed to be provided. The laws are good too because then the police cannot harm or torture the accused without consequences.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the laws of evidence of our own country, the United States, and those of the Netherlands are very much different from each other. There are a few laws that are similar like the common laws which almost every country in the world has. I think the Netherlands laws on how evidence is obtained is more well-balanced and fair than those of the United States.

EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY AND EGYPTIAN STORIES

Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and temple decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments.

Inspired by the cycles of nature, the Egyptians saw time in the present as a series of recurring patterns, whereas the earliest periods of time were linear. Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew maat, the fundamental order of the universe. Amongst the most important episodes from the mythic past are the creation myths, in which the gods form the universe out of primordial chaos; the stories of the reign of the sun god Ra upon the earth; and the Osiris myth, concerning the struggles of the gods Osiris, Isis, and Horus against the disruptive god Set. Events from the present that might be regarded as myths include Ra’s daily journey through the world and its otherworldly counterpart, the Duat. Recurring themes in these mythic episodes include the conflict between the upholders of maat and the forces of disorder, the importance of the pharaoh in maintaining maat, and the continual death and regeneration of the gods.

The details of these sacred events differ greatly from one text to another and often seem contradictory. Egyptian myths are primarily metaphorical, translating the essence and behavior of deities into terms that humans can understand. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic perspective, enriching the Egyptians’ understanding of the gods and the world.

Mythology profoundly influenced Egyptian culture. It inspired or influenced many religious rituals and provided the ideological basis for kingship. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, and amulets. In literature, myths or elements of them were used in stories that range from humor to allegory, demonstrating that the Egyptians adapted mythology to serve a wide variety of purposes.

                                                                             Egyptian Gods                                                                                                             

                                                                                           Ra                                                                                              The god of the sun, Ra was the first pharaoh of the world, back in the days when gods inhabited Egypt. Each day, Ra’s golden sun ship would sail across the sky, and each night it would travel through the underground world of the Duat, sailing the River of Darkness, and fighting off monsters. The Egyptians celebrated each sunrise, when Ra emerged victorious again and caused a new day to begin. After many centuries, Ra became old and senile, and retreated into the heavens, giving up his throne to Osiris.

Geb and Nut
The god of the earth, Geb was one of the first gods to appear from the sea of chaos at the beginning of time. He appears as a man made of earth, with rivers, forests and hills across his entire body.

Nut was Geb’s wife, the goddess of the sky. Yes, we know she’s got a funny name, but she was not the goddess of peanuts. She appeared as a woman with skin like a starry sky, dark blue and covered in constellations. She is often pictured stretching over Geb, as the sky stretches over the earth.

Although Geb and Nut loved each other very much, Ra had a prophecy that their children would try to overthrow him someday, so Ra did his best to keep them apart. Despite this, Nut managed to have five children, and the oldest, Osiris, did indeed take over the throne from Ra.

Shu
Nut’s father, the god of the air, was given the job of keeping Nut and Geb apart. This is why the sky is so far above the earth. The god of the wind stays between them, keeping his daughter from visiting her love the earth. Shu is usually not pictured, because he is invisible like the wind.

Osiris
The first son of Geb and Nut, Osiris was a wise and good pharaoh when he took over the world from Ra. Osiris taught man about farming, and created the first cities in Egypt. Unfortunately, Osiris’s brother Set was jealous of him. Set tricked him into laying down in a golden coffin, then sealed the coffin and cut it into pieces. Set scattered the pieces all over Egypt, and Osiris’s wife Isis spent years searching for them. Eventually, Isis put her husband back together, binding him in cloth to make the first mummy, but Osiris only came partially back to life. After that, he was the god of the underworld, sitting in judgment over the souls of the dead. He appears as a king with blue skin and white robes.

Isis
Osiris’s wife was the goddess of magic, and clever and ambitious woman. She tricked Ra into retiring by poisoning him with a magic snake, then encouraging the old sun god to reveal his secret name so Isis could cure him. Once Isis knew Ra’s secret name, she could force him to do just about anything. She encouraged him to retreat into the sky, opening the throne for Osiris. Isis was the patron of magicians, and loved her husband very much. She encouraged their son Horus to take vengeance on the evil Set, who had killed Osiris. Isis is often pictured as a beautiful woman with multicolored wings.

Set
The god of the desert, storms, and evil, Set was one mean dude. His color was red, the color of sterile soil and the desert. Set was the strongest of the gods, and very tricky. He became pharaoh of Egypt after killing his brother, but was later overthrown by his nephew Horus. After that, Set fled into the desert, where he controlled all the evil harsh lands outside the Nile Valley. Set wasn’t all bad, however. In the old days, he sailed on Ra’s boat and helped defend the sun god from the armies of the chaos serpent Apep. Set is usually pictured with red skin and the head of an unknown animal demon – part dog, part anteater, all ugly.

Nephthys
The river goddess, wife of Set and the sister of Isis. Nephthys didn’t like her husband very much, because after he killed Osiris, Nephthys helped Isis collected his pieces and bind them together. She was a kind and gentle goddess, and mother of Anubis, the god of funeral rites.

Horus
Called the Avenger, Horus was the son of Isis and Osiris. When he grew to manhood, he challenged Set and eventually defeated him, becoming the new pharaoh of Egypt. Afterwards, all mortal pharaohs considered themselves to be the descendants of Horus. Horus’s symbol was the falcon, and he is often pictured as a man with a falcon’s head.

Bast
Cats were extremely popular in Egypt, because they could kill snakes, scorpions, and other nasty creatures. Bast, the goddess of cats, was just as popular. Bast was a protective goddess, and people would wear amulets with her likeness for good luck, especially during the bad luck Demon Days at the end of each year. In cat form, Bast is often pictured with a knife, fighting the chaos serpent Apep. She was Ra’s faithful cat.

Sobek
The god of crocodiles was both respected and feared. Crocodiles were strong creatures. In ancient Egypt, an entire city was named after them: Crocodilopolis, and Sobek had a temple with a lake full of crocodiles. However, crocodiles were fearsome predators, and many Egyptians were killed each year if they got too near the river. Sobek was pictured as a crocodile-headed man. His sweat was said to have created the rivers of the world. Yuck!

Serqet
The goddess of scorpions was both good and bad. She could send scorpions after her enemies, and a single scorpion bite could kill you. On the other hand, you could pray to Serqet for protection from poison, and sometimes she was seen as a guardian of children. She was pictured as a woman with a giant scorpion for a crown. How’d you like that on your head?

Anubis
Anubis the god of funerals was one of the most important gods, because he helped prepare the soul for the Afterlife and escorted the dead to the hall of judgment. The Egyptians noticed jackals hanging around their graveyards, so they decided jackals must be Anubis’s sacred animals. Priests even wore jackal masks when they made the pharaoh’s body into a mummy. Anubis helped Isis make Osiris into the first mummy. Anubis is usually pictured as a man with a jackal’s head, leading a departed spirit through the Duat.

Bes
Bes is god of dwarves, protector of households, mothers and children. One of the ugliest and most popular gods in Ancient Egypt, Bes had the power to scare off evil spirits. He often appeared on amulets and in sculpture as a hairy little man with a lion-like mane and a pug nose. Egyptians believed that dwarves (and other people who were born different) were inherently magical. Bes was considered extremely good luck. He watched over the common man, children, women in childbirth, and anyone else who needed protection from evil.

Khonsu
Khonsu, the god of the moon, loved to gamble. In fact, he once lost five days of moonlight to the sky goddess Nut in a game of senet, which allowed Nut to give birth to her five children. Sometimes, Khonsu is depicted as a hawk-headed god, but more often he looks like a young man with a side-lock of hair, like an Egyptian youth. His favorite color is silver.

Nekhbet
Nekhbet is the goddess of vultures. One of the oldest goddesses of Egypt, Nekhbet was a patron of the pharaoh, and is often pictured with her wings spread over the king. Her shrine was in Nekheb, the city of the dead, where she oversaw the oldest oracle in Egypt. Like all vultures, she preyed on the dead and dying. If you see Nekhbet hovering over you, start dancing! Let her know you’re still alive!

Babi
Unlike the wise baboons of Thoth, Babi was the god of wild baboons, especially alpha males. He was aggressive and bloodthirsty, and was given the job of eating the wicked dead in the Underworld. He especially loved entrails. Yum! Babi is definitely not a primate you want to fight.

Tawaret
Tawaret is the goddess of hippos. While the Egyptians were scared of male hippos, they saw the female hippo goddess Tawaret as a gentle protector. She looked after pregnant women especially, and is often depicted with a swollen belly. Like Bes, she could scare off evil spirits.

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PETO ‘S PARADOX

What is Peto’s Paradox?
Peto’s Paradox is named after epidemiologist Richard Peto, who noted the relationship between time and cancer when he was studying how tumors form in mice. Peto observed that the probability of cancer progression was related to the duration of exposure to the carcinogen benzpyrene. He later added body mass to the equation, when he wondered why humans both contain 1000 times more cells and live 30 times longer than mice, yet the two species do not suffer incredibly different probabilities of developing cancer. Further, cancer was not a major cause of mortality for large and long-lived wild animals, despite the increased theoretical risks. How can this be?

Why is it a paradox?
In a multicellular organism, cells must go through a cell cycle that includes growth and division. Every time a human cell divides, it must copy its six billion base pairs of DNA, and it inevitably makes some mistakes. These mistakes are called somatic mutations. Some somatic mutations may occur in genetic pathways that control cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, telomere erosion, and growth of new blood vessels, disrupting the normal checks on carcinogenesis. If every cell division carries a certain chance that a cancer-causing somatic mutation could occur, then the risk of developing cancer should be a function of the number of cell divisions in an organism’s lifetime. Therefore, large bodied and long-lived organisms should face a higher lifetime risk of cancer simply due to the fact that their bodies contain more cells and will undergo more cell divisions over the course of their lifespan. However, a 2015 study that compared cancer incidence from zoo necropsy data for 36 mammals found that a higher risk of cancer does not correlate with increased body mass or lifespan. In fact, the evidence suggested that larger long-lived mammals actually get less cancer. This has profound implications for our understanding of how nature has solved the cancer problem over the course of evolution.

How can you translate a solution in some other species to prevent cancer in humans?
Ideally, comparative studies could highlight potential targets where the genetic mechanisms underlying cancer suppression in one species could be transferred to another, with clinical implications. For instance, it was found that genetically altering mice to overexpress a form of the TP53 protein conferred a cancer-suppressive phenotype; however, these mice also displayed a premature ageing phenotype. Surprisingly, another study created ‘super p53’ mice which contained extra copies of the TP53 gene—similar to the elephant genome—under their normal promoters, and these mice revealed an enhanced DNA damage response and cancer suppression without the ageing effect. Work is now underway to develop medicines based on the TP53 pathway. While the search for solutions to Peto’s Paradox across a diversity of species is still in progress, it will no doubt require substantial effort to translate recent discoveries into effective therapies for humans.

But wait, why haven’t all animals evolved extra tumor suppression mechanisms?
Cancer is a potential problem for all multicellular life and there is no expectation that a species should be completely cancer free; in fact, elephants still get cancer—about 5% of deaths in zoos according to one study. Cancer has also been found in whales. There are a few potential reasons that cancer is still a problem for multicellular animals. First, cancer defense mechanisms, such as DNA repair, cell cycle control, and immune function, can be costly. There are likely energetic trade-offs between cancer suppression and other important life history components, such as reproduction and growth. Cancer is a disease of ageing populations both because there is weaker selection to avoid problems after reproduction, and because it takes time to accumulate all the mutations necessary to cause a cancer. For animals that are short-lived (such as mice), it doesn’t make much sense to invest much in cancer defense mechanisms. These animals are more likely to die of other extrinsic causes (such as predators) than of cancer. Second, benefits early in life that increase an organism’s fitness may lead to disease susceptibility later in life, an evolutionary term called antagonistic pleiotropy. For example, there may be a genetic variant that allows an organism to get big fast—increasing its mating potential and decreasing the likelihood it will be killed by a predator—but this same genetic variant may also lead to cancer susceptibility as the animal ages.

 

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The Russian Blue Cat

If you’re searching for a pet that’s gentle and loving, the Russian blue is the perfect cat to add to your family.
Russian Blue Cat at a Glance

Gray cat with green eyes on a cat bed
Weight range:
Male: 10-12 pounds
Female: 7-10 pounds

Eye color:
Eyes are yellow with green rims as a kitten and become bright green as an adult.

Expectations:
Longevity Range: 15-20 years
Social/Attention Needs: Low
Tendency to Shed: Low

Coat:
Length: Short
Characteristics: Straight, double-coat, plush
Colors: Dark gray tipped with silver
Pattern: None. Faint stripes may be present as a kitten but disappear in adulthood.
Less Allergenic: Yes
Overall Grooming Needs: Low

Club recognition:
Cat Association Recognition:
CFA, ACFA, FIFe, TICA, WCF
Prevalence: Rare