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Позиционные игры в казино имеют непрерывный демонстрационный поток, который позволяет людям наслаждаться игрой, не рискуя реальными деньгами. Почти все для новичков отлично подходит для сферы, поскольку позволяет им изучать методы научных дисциплин, ранее приносящие реальный доход.
Еще одним преимуществом демонстрационных игр на игровых автоматах является то, что они предлагают надежные ставки. Continue reading “Интернет-казино все игровые автоматы Тест онлайн-слотов” →
Ang “sex scandal telegram” ay isang kontrobersyal na balita na naglalaman ng sensitibong nilalaman at pribadong impormasyon. Sa paglaganap ng impormasyon sa social media, nagiging usaping legal ito na nagdudulot ng public outrage at online na diskusyon.
Ang mga online na iskandalo ay nagiging viral na balita, na nag-uudyok ng mas malalim na pag-unawa sa mga paglabag sa batas sa internet. Sa ganitong konteksto, mahalaga ang digital na seguridad upang maprotektahan ang iyong impormasyon.
Ang mga ulat at imbestigasyon ukol sa “sex scandal telegram” ay naglalantad ng mga nakababahalang detalye tungkol sa paglabag sa privacy at pagkalat ng sensitibong nilalaman. Sa mga kasong ito, ang mga awtoridad ay nagsasagawa ng masusing pagsusuri upang matukoy ang mga responsable sa paglabag sa batas. Ang mga imbestigasyon ay naglalayong ipakita ang mga epekto ng online na iskandalo sa mga biktima at sa lipunan.
Ang “Nth Room” ay isang halimbawa ng malupit na paglabag sa karapatan sa privacy. Sa kasong ito, ang mga biktima ay pinilit na magbigay ng pribadong impormasyon, na nagresulta sa malawakang pagkalat ng impormasyon sa social media. Ang mga imbestigador ay nakatuon sa mga sumusunod na aspeto:
Ang mga insidente ng “sex scandal telegram” ay nagdudulot ng matinding reaksyon mula sa publiko. Ang mga tao ay nagiging aktibo sa online na pag-uusap, na nagiging sanhi ng mga diskusyon hinggil sa paglabag sa etika at privacy. Ang mga sumusunod ay ilan sa mga reaksyon ng publiko:
Ang mga reaksyong ito ay nagpapakita ng pangangailangan para sa mas malalim na pag-unawa sa mga isyu ng privacy at digital na seguridad.
Ang mga reaksyon sa bansa ukol sa “sex scandal telegram” ay nagiging sentro ng mga talakayan sa social media. Ang mga tao ay nagiging mas aktibo sa paglahok sa mga online na diskusyon, na nagreresulta sa iba’t ibang pananaw hinggil sa paglabag sa privacy at mga usaping legal.
Sa konteksto ng “sex scandal telegram,” ang pagsusuri sa mga umiiral na batas sa proteksyon ng kabataan ay nagiging mahalaga. Ang mga batas na ito ay dapat na mas mapalakas upang maprotektahan ang mga kabataan mula sa paglabag sa kanilang karapatan at privacy.
Ang Pambansang Asembleya ay nagbigay ng panawagan para sa agarang aksyon laban sa mga suspek ng “sex scandal telegram.” Ang kanilang layunin ay tiyakin na ang mga responsable ay mapanagot sa kanilang mga aksyon.
Ang “sex scandal telegram” ay nagbukas ng mas malawak na diskusyon hinggil sa mga usaping legal at etikal na may kinalaman sa paglabag sa privacy. Ang mga sensitibong nilalaman na lumalabas sa mga social media platform ay nagiging sanhi ng public outrage at online na iskandalo.
Mahalaga ang pag-unawa sa mga sumusunod na aspeto:
Upang labanan ang mga isyu ng “sex scandal telegram,” kinakailangan ang internasyonal na kooperasyon. Narito ang mga hakbang na maaaring isagawa:
In the realm of trading, where fortunes ebb and flow,
Day trading Telegram channels emerge as a beacon of hope.
These digital sanctuaries, SEBI registered,
Offer a treasure trove of insights, strategies, and more.
As market trends shift like the tides,
Joining these channels fosters a community,
Where risk management becomes second nature,
And traders navigate the waves with confidence.
Limited spots create urgency,
Encouraging immediate action to seize the moment.
With platforms like Bybit and Binance,
Futures trading becomes an accessible venture.
In the bustling landscape of Indian trading, the top day trading Telegram channels stand as pillars of knowledge. They provide a sanctuary for traders seeking to refine their craft. These channels, often SEBI registered, offer insights into market trends and risk management strategies.
Such channels empower traders to make informed trading decisions, enhancing their potential for success.
The allure of free day trading Telegram channels captivates many aspiring traders. Within these digital realms, one can discover a wealth of information without financial commitment.
These channels foster an environment where knowledge flows freely, allowing traders to navigate the complexities of the market with confidence.
Among the myriad of options, popular day trading Telegram links shine brightly. They serve as gateways to a world of trading wisdom and camaraderie.
By joining these channels, traders can enhance their understanding of market trends and refine their trading decisions.
In the realm of options trading, the best day trading Telegram groups emerge as invaluable resources. They provide a focused environment for traders to delve into the intricacies of options strategies.
These groups not only enhance trading acumen but also foster a sense of community, where traders can share their experiences and insights.
In the fast-paced world of trading, essential apps serve as lifelines, connecting traders to the pulse of the market. These applications, often integrated with day trading Telegram channels, provide real-time updates that are crucial for informed decision-making.
With these apps, traders can harness the power of technology, ensuring they remain vigilant and responsive to the ever-changing landscape of trading.
The best day trading Telegram apps are the compass guiding traders through turbulent waters. They offer a seamless blend of functionality and accessibility, ensuring that every trader can stay informed.
These features empower traders to make swift and informed trading decisions, enhancing their potential for success in the market.
Top day trading apps on Telegram are adorned with features that elevate the trading experience. They are designed to cater to both novice and seasoned traders, ensuring everyone finds value.
With these powerful tools at their disposal, traders can navigate the complexities of the market with confidence and clarity. 📈
In the digital age, Telegram has emerged as a vital tool for traders, weaving connections that transcend geographical boundaries. It serves as a platform where traders gather, share insights, and discuss strategies.
Through these channels, traders can harness the collective wisdom of the community, enhancing their trading decisions and risk management strategies.
The allure of earning $1,000 a day through day trading captivates many, yet it remains a challenging pursuit. Success hinges on several factors, including market trends, risk management, and the trader’s skill level.
While achievable, such profits require dedication, knowledge, and a keen understanding of trading dynamics.
Selecting the best site for day trading is akin to choosing a vessel for a voyage. Platforms like Bybit and Binance stand out, offering robust features tailored for traders.
These platforms provide a solid foundation for traders to navigate the markets, ensuring they are well-equipped for success.
In the ever-evolving landscape of finance, day trading retains its allure, yet profitability is not guaranteed.
With the right approach, day trading can yield profits, but it demands diligence, adaptability, and a thorough understanding of market trends. 📊
The English idiom “don’t judge a book by its cover” is a phrase that means one should not judge the worth or value of something by its appearance alone.
Let me tell you a story:
A Fox one day spied a beautiful bunch of ripe grapes hanging from a vine trained along the branches of a tree. The grapes seemed ready to burst with juice, and the fox’s mouth watered as he gazed longingly at them.
The bunch hung from a high branch, and the Fox had to jump for it. The first time he jumped he missed it by a long way. So he walked off a short distance and took a running leap at it, only to fall short once more. Again and again, he tried but in vain.
Now he sat down and looked at the grapes in disgust.
“What a fool I am,” he said. “Here I am wearing myself out to get a bunch of sour grapes that are not worth gaping for.”
And off he walked very, very scornfully.
This is why we should not judge a book by its cover. If the fox tried a bit more to reach the grapes then he could have gotten them instead he gave up and thought the grapes were sour. If the fox would have tasted them then he could have judged if it was sour or sweet.
Facts About The Rover:
Mission Name: Mars 2020
Rover Name: Perseverance
Main Job: Seek signs of ancient life and collect samples of rock and regolith (broken rock and soil) for a possible return to Earth.
Launch: July 30, 2020
Landing: Feb. 18, 2021, Jezero Crater, Mars
What is a Mars Rover?
A Mars rover is a motor vehicle that travels across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival.
Hear the sounds on Mars From Perseverance:
Did you hear the sounds of Mars, This was recorded by the Perseverance Rover.
Instruments of the Perseverance Rover:
| Body: | A structure that protects the rover’s vital organs |
| Brains: | Computers to process information |
| Temperature Controls: | Internal heaters, a layer of insulation, and more |
| Neck and Head: | A mast for the cameras to give the rover a human-scale view |
| Eyes and Ears : | Cameras and instruments that give the rover information about its environment |
| Arms and Hands: | A way to extend its reach and collect rock samples for study |
| Wheels and Legs: | Parts for mobility and moving around |
| Power: | Batteries and power |
| Communications: | Antennas for speaking and listening |
Now you know everything you need to know about the Perseverance Rover from NASA.
Here is a story on The Myth Of The Magic Racoon.
On the dusty roads of a small village, a travelling salesman was having difficulty selling his wares. He had recently traversed the region just a few weeks ago, and most of the villagers had already seen his supply. So he wandered the outskirts of the town in the hopes of finding some new customers. Unfortunately, the road was largely deserted, and the salesman was about to turn back, when he heard a high pitched yelp coming from the edge of the forest. Following the screams to their source, he discovered a trapped tanuki. While these racoon like creatures were known for their wily ways, this one appeared terrified and powerless.
The salesman freed the struggling creature, but before he could tend to its wounds, it bolted into the undergrowth. The next day he set off on his usual route. As he trudged along, he spotted a discarded tea kettle. It was rusty and old but perhaps he could sell it the local monks. The salesman polished it until it sparkled and shone. He carried the kettle to Morn-Ji Temple and presented it to the solemn monks. His timing was perfect they were in need of a large kettle for an important service, and purchased his pot for a handsome price. To open the ceremony, they began to pour cups of tea for each monk but the kettle cooled too quickly. It had to be reheated often throughout the long service, and when it was hot it seemed to squirm in the pourer’s hand. By the end of the ceremony, the monks felt cheated by their purchase, and called for the salesman to return and explain himself.
The following morning, the salesman examined the pot, but he couldn’t find anything unusual about it. Hoping a cup of tea would help them think, they set the kettle on the fire. Within moments, the metal began to sweat. Suddenly, it sprouted a scrubby tail, furry paws and a pointed nose. With a yelp, the salesman recognized the tanuki he’d freed. The salesman was shocked. He’d heard tales of shape shifting tanuki who transformed by pulling on their tails. But they were usually troublesome tricksters, who played embarrassing pranks on travellers, or made it rain money that later dissolved into leaves. Some people even place tanuki statues outside their home and businesses to trick potential pranksters into taking their antics elsewhere. However, this tanuki only smiled sweetly. Why had he chosen this unsuspecting form? The tanuki explained that he wanted to repay the salesman’s kindness. However he had grown too hot as a tea kettle, and didn’t like being burned, scrubbed, or polished. The monk and the salesman laughed, both impressed by this honourable trickster. From that day on, the tanuki became an esteemed guest of the temple. He could frequently be found telling tales or performing tricks that amused even the most serious monks. Villagers came from far away to see the temple tanuki, and the salesman visited often to share tea made from an entirely normal kettle.
So what is Quantum Computing?
Here is the definition: Quantum computing is the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation. Computers that perform quantum computations are known as quantum computers.
Why is Quantum Computing important?
Quantum computing is said to be more power efficient than modern computing through the use of quantum tunnelling. They are expected to reduce power consumption from 100 to 1000 times. Quantum computers could speed up the learning process of AI, reducing thousands of years of learning to mere seconds.
Now Lets See How It Works
A quantum computer works with particles that can be in superposition. Rather than representing bits such particles would represent qubits, which can take on the value 0, or 1, or both simultaneously.
What does a Quantum Computer do?
A quantum computer encodes information into quantum states and computes by performing quantum operations on it. There are several tasks for which a quantum computer will be useful.
The new goal is to manipulate and control quantum systems so that they behave in a prescribed way. A quantum computer encodes information into quantum states and computes by performing quantum operations on it. There are several tasks for which a quantum computer will be useful.
How does quantum computing exactly work?
Quantum computers perform calculations based on the probability of an object’s state before it is measured instead of just 1s or 0s which means they have the potential to process exponentially more data compared to classical computers. A single state such as on or off, up or down, 1 or 0 – is called a bit.
Who is behind Quantum Computing and where is it found?
In 1998 Isaac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Neil Gershenfeld of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Mark Kubinec of the University of California at Berkeley created the first quantum computer (2-qubit) that could be loaded with data and output a solution.
Can Quantum Computing change the world? Let’s take a look
Quantum computing could change the world. It could transform medicine, break encryption and revolutionise communications and artificial intelligence. Companies like IBM, Microsoft and Google are racing to build reliable quantum computers.
Greyhound At a glance
Size:
Weight Range:
Male: 65-70 lbs.
Female: 60-65 lbs.
Height at Withers:
Male: 30 in.
Female: 28 in. Features: Dolichocephalic (long face)
Expectations:
Exercise Requirements: 20-40 minutes/day
Energy Level: Laid back
Longevity Range: 10-13 yrs.
Tendency to Drool: Low Tendency to Snore: Low
Tendency to Bark: Low
Tendency to Dig: Low Social/Attention Needs: Moderate
Bred For:
Coursing hares
Coat:
Length: Short
Characteristics: Flat
Colors: All colors accepted
Overall Grooming Needs: Low
Club Recognition:
AKC Classification: Hound
UKC Classification: Sighthounds & Pariahs
Prevalence: Common
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (‘shields’) or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is also known as the “Arduino language”. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.
Arduino Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[51] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).
Arduino Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.[28] The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[29] The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.
Different Arduino Boards
There are different Arduino boards which are following,
Arduino UNO (R3)
LilyPad Arduino
Red Board
Arduino Mega (R3)
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino UNO R3 is a new board and by comparing with the previous Arduino boards it has some additional features. The Arduino UNO uses the Atmega16U2 instead of 8U2 and it allows faster transfer rate & more memory. There is no need of extra devices for the Linux & Mac and the ability to have the UNO show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.
The Arduino R3 adds SDA & SCL pins which are next to the AREF and in addition, there are two pins which are placed near the RESET pin. The first pin is IOREF, it will allow the shields to adapt to the voltage from the board.
The other pin is not connected and it is reserved for the future purpose. The working of Arduino R3 is by all existing shields and it will adapt new shields which use these additional pins.
LilyPad Arduino
This board is an Arduino Programmable Microcontroller and it is designed to integrate easily into an e-textiles & wearable projects. The other Arduino boards have the same functionality like lightweight, round package designed to minimize snagging and profile, with wide tabs that can be sewn down and connected with conductive thread.
This Arduino board consist of an Atmega 328 with the Arduino bootloader and to keep it as a small minimum external component are required. The power supply of this board is 2V to 5V and offers large pin-out holes that make it easy to sew and connect. Each pin is connected to positive and negative terminals and to control the input & output devices like light, motor, and switch.
This Arduino technology was designed and developed by Leah Buechley and each LilyPad was creatively designed to have large connecting pads to allow them to be sewn into clothing. There is an available of various input, output, and sensor boards and they are washable.
Arduino Mega (R3)
The Arduino Mega is a type of Microcontroller and it is based on the ATmega2560. It consists of 54 digital input/output pins and from the total pins 14 pins are used for the PWM output, 16 pins are used for the analog inputs, 4 pins are used for the hardware serial port of the UART. There are pins like crystal oscillator of 16 MHz, USB connection, RESET pin, ICSP header, and a power barrel jack
This Arduino Mega is also having SDA and SCL pins which are next to the AREF. There are two new pins near the RESET pin which are IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes.
Features of the Arduino Mega (R3)
ATmega2560 Microcontroller
Input voltage – 7-12V
54 Digital I/O Pins (14 PWM outputs)
16 Analog Inputs
256k Flash Memory
16Mhz Clock Speed
Arduino Leonardo
The Leonardo Arduino board is a Microcontroller board and it is based on the ATmega32u4 data sheet. This Arduino board has 20 digital input/out pins and from the total number of pins, seven pins are used for the pulse width modulation output and 12 pins are used as an analog input and there are the 16MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, RESET pin and power jack.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Leonardo differs from all preceding boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor.
This allows the Leonardo to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial COM port. It also has other implications for the behavior of the board; these are detailed on the getting started page.
Arduino Red Board
The Arduino red board is programmed by using the USB cable of mini-B with the help of Arduino IDE software.
Without any modifications in the security system there, it will work in Windows8 OS. The Arduino red board is more constant because USB and FTDI chips are used and they are flat on the back.
Creating it is very simple to utilize in the project design. Just plug the board, select the menu option to choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready to upload the program. You can control the RedBoard over USB cables using the barrel jack.
That is everything you need to know about the Arduino
General Information The charismatic giant panda is a global conservation icon. Thanks to decades of successful conservation work, wild panda numbers are starting to recover, but they remain at risk. Human activities continue to be the biggest threats to their survival. An extensive giant panda nature reserve network exists, but one-third of all wild pandas live outside of protected areas in small isolated populations.
Pandas typically lead a solitary life. They’re excellent tree climbers, but they spend most of their time feeding. They can eat for 14 hours a day, mainly bamboo, which is 99% of their diet (though they sometimes eat eggs or small animals too).
Giant pandas are living proof that conservation efforts work.
WHERE GIANT PANDAS LIVE
Wild giant pandas could once have been found throughout eastern and southern China, northern Vietnam and northern Myanmar. Now the pandas range is restricted to just six isolated mountain ranges in Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces in south-central China.
They live mainly in deciduous broadleaf, mixed conifer and sub-alpine coniferous forests between elevations of about 1,200-3,400 metres.
WHY GIANT PANDAS ARE SO IMPORTANT
Giant pandas help to keep their mountain forests healthy by spreading seeds in their droppings, which helps vegetation to thrive.
The panda’s forest environment is also important for local people – for food, income and fuel for cooking and heating. Giant pandas live in the mountain catchment areas of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, whose river basins are the economic heart of China, home to over half a billion people.
Panda habitat rivals the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem in the world. It’s also vitally important for other threatened and endangered species, including golden snub-nosed monkeys, takins, red pandas and snow leopards.
By protecting pandas we’re helping conserve the wider environment, for the people and wildlife that depend on it.
What is Evolution
In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Evolution relies on there being genetic variation in a population which affects the physical characteristics (phenotype) of an organism.
Some of these characteristics may give the individual an advantage over other individuals which they can then pass on to their offspring.
What is natural selection?
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution states that evolution happens by natural selection.
Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics. This variation is because of differences in their genes?.
Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to their children.
Individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment are less likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore their genes are less likely to be passed on to the next generation.
As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.
Different types of evolution
Convergent evolution
When the same adaptations evolve independently, under similar selection pressures.
For example, flying insects, birds and bats have all evolved the ability to fly, but independently of each other.
Co-evolution
When two species or groups of species have evolved alongside each other where one adapts to changes in the other.
For example, flowering plants and pollinating insects such as bees.
Adaptive radiation
When a species splits into a number of new forms when a change in the environment makes new resources available or creates new environmental challenges.
For example, finches on the Galapagos Islands have developed different shaped beaks to take advantage of the different kinds of food available on different islands.
Pandemics That Changed History
As human civilizations rose, these diseases struck them down.
In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. When an epidemic spreads beyond a country’s borders, that’s when the disease officially becomes a pandemic.
Communicable diseases existed during humankind’s hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian life 10,000 years ago created communities that made epidemics more possible. Malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, smallpox and others first appeared during this period.
The more civilized humans became, building cities and forging trade routes to connect with other cities, and waging wars with them, the more likely pandemics became. See a timeline below of pandemics that, in ravaging human populations, changed history.
Pandemics Of The History
430 B.C.: Athens
The earliest recorded pandemic happened during the Peloponnesian War. After the disease passed through Libya, Ethiopia and Egypt, it crossed the Athenian walls as the Spartans laid siege. As much as two-thirds of the population died.
The symptoms included fever, thirst, bloody throat and tongue, red skin and lesions. The disease, suspected to have been typhoid fever, weakened the Athenians significantly and was a significant factor in their defeat by the Spartans.
165 A.D.: Antonine Plague
The Antonine plague was possibly an early appearance of smallpox that began with the Huns. The Huns then infected the Germans, who passed it to the Romans and then returning troops spread it throughout the Roman empire. Symptoms included fever, sore throat, diarrhea and, if the patient lived long enough, pus-filled sores. This plague continued until about 180 A.D., claiming Emperor Marcus Aurelius as one of its victims.
250 A.D.: Cyprian Plague
Named after the first known victim, the Christian bishop of Carthage, the Cyprian plague entailed diarrhea, vomiting, throat ulcers, fever and gangrenous hands and feet.
City dwellers fled to the country to escape infection but instead spread the disease further. Possibly starting in Ethiopia, it passed through Northern Africa, into Rome, then onto Egypt and northward.
There were recurring outbreaks over the next three centuries. In 444 A.D., it hit Britain and obstructed defense efforts against the Picts and the Scots, causing the British to seek help from the Saxons, who would soon control the island.
541 A.D.: Justinian Plague
First appearing in Egypt, the Justinian plague spread through Palestine and the Byzantine Empire, and then throughout the Mediterranean.
The plague changed the course of the empire, squelching Emperor Justinian’s plans to bring the Roman Empire back together and causing massive economic struggle. It is also credited with creating an apocalyptic atmosphere that spurred the rapid spread of Christianity.
Recurrences over the next two centuries eventually killed about 50 million people, 26 percent of the world population. It is believed to be the first significant appearance of the bubonic plague, which features enlarged lymphatic gland and is carried by rats and spread by fleas.
11th Century: Leprosy
Though it had been around for ages, leprosy grew into a pandemic in Europe in the Middle Ages, resulting in the building of numerous leprosy-focused hospitals to accommodate the vast number of victims.
A slow-developing bacterial disease that causes sores and deformities, leprosy was believed to be a punishment from God that ran in families. This belief led to moral judgments and ostracization of victims. Now known as Hansen’s disease, it still afflicts tens of thousands of people a year and can be fatal if not treated with antibiotics.
1350: The Black Death
Responsible for the death of one-third of the world population, this second large outbreak of the bubonic plague possibly started in Asia and moved west in caravans. Entering through Sicily in 1347 A.D. when plague sufferers arrived in the port of Messina, it spread throughout Europe rapidly. Dead bodies became so prevalent that many remained rotting on the ground and created a constant stench in cities.
England and France were so incapacitated by the plague that the countries called a truce to their war. The British feudal system collapsed when the plague changed economic circumstances and demographics. Ravaging populations in Greenland, Vikings lost the strength to wage battle against native populations, and their exploration of North America halted.
1492: The Columbian Exchange
Following the arrival of the Spanish in the Caribbean, diseases such as smallpox, measles and bubonic plague were passed along to the native populations by the Europeans. With no previous exposure, these diseases devastated indigenous people, with as many as 90 percent dying throughout the north and south continents.
Upon arrival on the island of Hispaniola, Christopher Columbus encountered the Taino people, population 60,000. By 1548, the population stood at less than 500. This scenario repeated itself throughout the Americas.
In 1520, the Aztec Empire was destroyed by a smallpox infection. The disease killed many of its victims and incapacitated others. It weakened the population so they were unable to resist Spanish colonizers and left farmers unable to produce needed crops.
Research in 2019 even concluded that the deaths of some 56 million Native Americans in the 16th and 17th centuries, largely through disease, may have altered Earth’s climate as vegetation growth on previously tilled land drew more CO2 from the atmosphere and caused a cooling event.
1665: The Great Plague of London
n another devastating appearance, the bubonic plague led to the deaths of 20 percent of London’s population. As human death tolls mounted and mass graves appeared, hundreds of thousands of cats and dogs were slaughtered as the possible cause and the disease spread through ports along the Thames. The worst of the outbreak tapered off in the fall of 1666, around the same time as another destructive event—the Great Fire of London.
1817: First Cholera Pandemic
The first of seven cholera pandemics over the next 150 years, this wave of the small intestine infection originated in Russia, where one million people died. Spreading through feces-infected water and food, the bacterium was passed along to British soldiers who brought it to India where millions more died. The reach of the British Empire and its navy spread cholera to Spain, Africa, Indonesia, China, Japan, Italy, Germany and America, where it killed 150,000 people. A vaccine was created in 1885, but pandemics continued.
1855: The Third Plague Pandemic
Starting in China and moving to India and Hong Kong, the bubonic plague claimed 15 million victims. Initially spread by fleas during a mining boom in Yunnan, the plague is considered a factor in the Parthay rebellion and the Taiping rebellion. India faced the most substantial casualties, and the epidemic was used as an excuse for repressive policies that sparked some revolt against the British. The pandemic was considered active until 1960 when cases dropped below a couple hundred.
1875: Fiji Measles Pandemic
After Fiji ceded to the British Empire, a royal party visited Australia as a gift from Queen Victoria. Arriving during a measles outbreak, the royal party brought the disease back to their island, and it was spread further by the tribal heads and police who met with them upon their return.
Spreading quickly, the island was littered with corpses that were scavenged by wild animals, and entire villages died and were burned down, sometimes with the sick trapped inside the fires. One-third of Fiji’s population, a total of 40,000 people, died.
1889: Russian Flu
The first significant flu pandemic started in Siberia and Kazakhstan, traveled to Moscow, and made its way into Finland and then Poland, where it moved into the rest of Europe. By the following year, it had crossed the ocean into North America and Africa. By the end of 1890, 360,000 had died.
1918: Spanish Flu
The avian-borne flu that resulted in 50 million deaths worldwide, the 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain. Wire service reports of a flu outbreak in Madrid in the spring of 1918 led to the pandemic being called the “Spanish flu.”
By October, hundreds of thousands of Americans died and body storage scarcity hit crisis level. But the flu threat disappeared in the summer of 1919 when most of the infected had either developed immunities or died.
1957: Asian flu
Starting in Hong Kong and spreading throughout China and then into the United States, the Asian flu became widespread in England where, over six months, 14,000 people died. A second wave followed in early 1958, causing an estimated total of about 1.1 million deaths globally, with 116,000 deaths in the United States alone. A vaccine was developed, effectively containing the pandemic.
1981: HIV/AIDS
First identified in 1981, AIDS destroys a person’s immune system, resulting in eventual death by diseases that the body would usually fight off. Those infected by the HIV virus encounter fever, headache, and enlarged lymph nodes upon infection. When symptoms subside, carriers become highly infectious through blood and genital fluid, and the disease destroys t-cells.
AIDS was first observed in American gay communities but is believed to have developed from a chimpanzee virus from West Africa in the 1920s. The disease, which spreads through certain body fluids, moved to Haiti in the 1960s, and then New York and San Francisco in the 1970s.
Treatments have been developed to slow the progress of the disease, but 35 million people worldwide have died of AIDS since its discovery, and a cure is yet to be found.
2003: SARS
First identified in 2003 after several months of cases, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is believed to have possibly started with bats, spread to cats and then to humans in China, followed by 26 other countries, infecting 8,096 people, with 774 deaths.
SARS is characterized by respiratory problems, dry cough, fever and head and body aches and is spread through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.
Quarantine efforts proved effective and by July, the virus was contained and hasn’t reappeared since. China was criticized for trying to suppress information about the virus at the beginning of the outbreak.
SARS was seen by global health professionals as a wake-up call to improve outbreak responses, and lessons from the pandemic were used to keep diseases like H1N1, Ebola and Zika under control
2019: COVID-19
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that the COVID-19 virus was officially a pandemic after barreling through 114 countries in three months and infecting over 118,000 people. And the spread wasn’t anywhere near finished.
COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus—a new coronavirus strain that has not been previously found in people. Symptoms include respiratory problems, fever and cough, and can lead to pneumonia and death. Like SARS, it’s spread through droplets from sneezes.
The first reported case in China appeared November 17, 2019, in the Hubei Province, but went unrecognized. Eight more cases appeared in December with researchers pointing to an unknown virus.
Many learned about COVID-19 when ophthalmologist Dr. Li Wenliang defied government orders and released safety information to other doctors. The following day, China informed WHO and charged Li with a crime. Li died from COVID-19 just over a month later.
Without a vaccine available, the virus spread beyond Chinese borders and by mid-March, it had spread globally to more than 163 countries. On February 11, the infection was officially christened COVID-19.
The wormhole theory postulates that a theoretical passage through space-time could create shortcuts for long journeys across the universe. Wormholes are predicted by the theory of general relativity. But be wary: wormholes bring with them the dangers of sudden collapse, high radiation and dangerous contact with exotic matter.
Wormhole theory
Wormholes were first theorized in 1916, though that wasn’t what they were called at the time. While reviewing another physicist’s solution to the equations in Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, Austrian physicist Ludwig Flamm realized another solution was possible. He described a “white hole,” a theoretical time reversal of a black hole. Entrances to both black and white holes could be connected by a space-time conduit.
“The whole thing is very hypothetical at this point,” said Stephen Hsu, a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Oregon, told our sister site, Live Science. “No one thinks we’re going to find a wormhole anytime soon.”
Wormholes contain two mouths, with a throat connecting the two. The mouths would most likely be spheroidal. The throat might be a straight stretch, but it could also wind around, taking a longer path than a more conventional route might require.
Einstein’s theory of general relativity mathematically predicts the existence of wormholes, but none have been discovered to date. A negative mass wormhole might be spotted by the way its gravity affects light that passes by.
Certain solutions of general relativity allow for the existence of wormholes where the mouth of each is a black hole. However, a naturally occurring black hole, formed by the collapse of a dying star, does not by itself create a wormhole.
Through the wormhole
Science fiction is filled with tales of traveling through wormholes. But the reality of such travel is more complicated, and not just because we’ve yet to spot one.
The first problem is size. Primordial wormholes are predicted to exist on microscopic levels, about 10–33 centimeters. However, as the universe expands, it is possible that some may have been stretched to larger sizes.
Another problem comes from stability. The predicted Einstein-Rosen wormholes would be useless for travel because they collapse quickly.
“You would need some very exotic type of matter in order to stabilize a wormhole,” said Hsu, “and it’s not clear whether such matter exists in the universe.”
But more recent research found that a wormhole containing “exotic” matter could stay open and unchanging for longer periods of time.
Exotic matter, which should not be confused with dark matter or antimatter, contains negative energy density and a large negative pressure. Such matter has only been seen in the behavior of certain vacuum states as part of quantum field theory.
If a wormhole contained sufficient exotic matter, whether naturally occurring or artificially added, it could theoretically be used as a method of sending information or travelers through space. Unfortunately, human journeys through the space tunnels may be challenging.
“The jury is not in, so we just don’t know,” physicist Kip Thorne, one of the world’s leading authorities on relativity, black holes and wormholes, told Space.com. “But there are very strong indications that wormholes that a human could travel through are forbidden by the laws of physics. That’s sad, that’s unfortunate, but that’s the direction in which things are pointing.”
Wormholes may not only connect two separate regions within the universe, they could also connect two different universes. Similarly, some scientists have conjectured that if one mouth of a wormhole is moved in a specific manner, it could allow for time travel.
“You can go into the future or into the past using traversable wormholes,” astrophysicist Eric Davis told Live Science. But it won’t be easy: “It would take a Herculean effort to turn a wormhole into a time machine. It’s going to be tough enough to pull off a wormhole.”
However, British cosmologist Stephen Hawking has argued that such use is not possible. [Weird Science: Wormholes Make the Best Time Machines]
“A wormhole is not really a means of going back in time, it’s a short cut, so that something that was far away is much closer,” NASA’s Eric Christian wrote.
Although adding exotic matter to a wormhole might stabilize it to the point that human passengers could travel safely through it, there is still the possibility that the addition of “regular” matter would be sufficient to destabilize the portal.
Today’s technology is insufficient to enlarge or stabilize wormholes, even if they could be found. However, scientists continue to explore the concept as a method of space travel with the hope that technology will eventually be able to utilize them.
“You would need some of super-super-advanced technology,” Hsu said. “Humans won’t be doing this any time in the near future.”
In ancient Kyoto, a devout Shinto scholar lived a simple life, but he was often distracted from his prayers by the bustling city. He felt that his neighbors were polluting his soul, and he sought to perform some kind of personal harae- a purification ritual that would cleanse his body and his mind. He decided to travel to the revered Hie Shrine. The trip was an arduous climb that took all day. But he was glad for the solitude it afforded him, and the peace he felt upon returning home was profound.
The scholar was determined to maintain this clarity for as long as possible, and resolved to make this pilgrimage another 99 times. He would walk the path alone, ignoring any distractions in his quest for balance, and never straying from his purpose. The man was true to his word, and as days stretched into weeks, he walked through driving rain and searing sun. Over time, his devotion revealed the invisible world of spirits which exists alongside our own. He began to sense the kami, which animated the rocks underfoot, the breeze that cooled him, and the animals grazing in the fields. Still he spoke to no one, spirit or human. He was determined to avoid contact with those who had strayed from the path and become polluted with kegare. This taboo of defilement hung over the sick and deceased, as well as those who defiled the land or committed violent crimes. Of all the threats to the scholar’s quest for spiritual purity, kegare was by far the greatest. After paying his respects for the 80th time, he set out for home once more.
But as darkness fell, he heard strained sobs in the night air. The scholar tried to push forward and ignore the moans. But the desperate cries overwhelmed him. Grimacing, he left his path to follow the sound to its source. He soon came to a cramped cottage with a woman crumpled outside. Filled with pity, the scholar implored the woman to share her sorrow. She had explained that her mother just died but no one would help her with the burial. At that news, his heart sank. Touching the body would defile his spirit, draining his life force and leaving him forsaken by the kami. But as he listened to her cries his sympathy soared. And so, they buried the old woman together, to ensure her safe passage into the spirit world.
The burial was complete, but the taboo of death weighed heavily on the scholar. How could he have been so foolish, to shirk his most important rule and corrupt his divine journey? After a tormented night, he resolved to go back to the shrine to cleanse himself. To his surprise, the usually silent temple was filled with people, all gathering around a medium who communicated directly with the kami. The man hid himself, not daring approach in case anyone glimpse his polluted soul.
But the medium had other ways of seeing, and called him forward from the crowd. Ready to be forsaken, the scholar approached the holy woman. But the medium merely smiled. She took his impure hands in hers, and whispered a blessing only he could hear thanking him for his kindness. In that moment the scholar discovered a great spiritual secret: contamination and corruption are two very different things. Filled with insight the scholar set himself back on his journey.
But this time, he stopped to help those he met. He began to see the beauty of the spirit world everywhere he went, even in the city he had previously shunned. Others cautioned that he risked kegare but he never told them why he so freely mingled with the sick and disadvantaged. For he knew that people could only truly understand harae through a journey of their own.
Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and temple decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments.
Inspired by the cycles of nature, the Egyptians saw time in the present as a series of recurring patterns, whereas the earliest periods of time were linear. Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew maat, the fundamental order of the universe. Amongst the most important episodes from the mythic past are the creation myths, in which the gods form the universe out of primordial chaos; the stories of the reign of the sun god Ra upon the earth; and the Osiris myth, concerning the struggles of the gods Osiris, Isis, and Horus against the disruptive god Set. Events from the present that might be regarded as myths include Ra’s daily journey through the world and its otherworldly counterpart, the Duat. Recurring themes in these mythic episodes include the conflict between the upholders of maat and the forces of disorder, the importance of the pharaoh in maintaining maat, and the continual death and regeneration of the gods.
The details of these sacred events differ greatly from one text to another and often seem contradictory. Egyptian myths are primarily metaphorical, translating the essence and behavior of deities into terms that humans can understand. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic perspective, enriching the Egyptians’ understanding of the gods and the world.
Mythology profoundly influenced Egyptian culture. It inspired or influenced many religious rituals and provided the ideological basis for kingship. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, and amulets. In literature, myths or elements of them were used in stories that range from humor to allegory, demonstrating that the Egyptians adapted mythology to serve a wide variety of purposes.
Egyptian Gods
Ra The god of the sun, Ra was the first pharaoh of the world, back in the days when gods inhabited Egypt. Each day, Ra’s golden sun ship would sail across the sky, and each night it would travel through the underground world of the Duat, sailing the River of Darkness, and fighting off monsters. The Egyptians celebrated each sunrise, when Ra emerged victorious again and caused a new day to begin. After many centuries, Ra became old and senile, and retreated into the heavens, giving up his throne to Osiris.
Geb and Nut
The god of the earth, Geb was one of the first gods to appear from the sea of chaos at the beginning of time. He appears as a man made of earth, with rivers, forests and hills across his entire body.
Nut was Geb’s wife, the goddess of the sky. Yes, we know she’s got a funny name, but she was not the goddess of peanuts. She appeared as a woman with skin like a starry sky, dark blue and covered in constellations. She is often pictured stretching over Geb, as the sky stretches over the earth.
Although Geb and Nut loved each other very much, Ra had a prophecy that their children would try to overthrow him someday, so Ra did his best to keep them apart. Despite this, Nut managed to have five children, and the oldest, Osiris, did indeed take over the throne from Ra.
Shu
Nut’s father, the god of the air, was given the job of keeping Nut and Geb apart. This is why the sky is so far above the earth. The god of the wind stays between them, keeping his daughter from visiting her love the earth. Shu is usually not pictured, because he is invisible like the wind.
Osiris
The first son of Geb and Nut, Osiris was a wise and good pharaoh when he took over the world from Ra. Osiris taught man about farming, and created the first cities in Egypt. Unfortunately, Osiris’s brother Set was jealous of him. Set tricked him into laying down in a golden coffin, then sealed the coffin and cut it into pieces. Set scattered the pieces all over Egypt, and Osiris’s wife Isis spent years searching for them. Eventually, Isis put her husband back together, binding him in cloth to make the first mummy, but Osiris only came partially back to life. After that, he was the god of the underworld, sitting in judgment over the souls of the dead. He appears as a king with blue skin and white robes.
Isis
Osiris’s wife was the goddess of magic, and clever and ambitious woman. She tricked Ra into retiring by poisoning him with a magic snake, then encouraging the old sun god to reveal his secret name so Isis could cure him. Once Isis knew Ra’s secret name, she could force him to do just about anything. She encouraged him to retreat into the sky, opening the throne for Osiris. Isis was the patron of magicians, and loved her husband very much. She encouraged their son Horus to take vengeance on the evil Set, who had killed Osiris. Isis is often pictured as a beautiful woman with multicolored wings.
Set
The god of the desert, storms, and evil, Set was one mean dude. His color was red, the color of sterile soil and the desert. Set was the strongest of the gods, and very tricky. He became pharaoh of Egypt after killing his brother, but was later overthrown by his nephew Horus. After that, Set fled into the desert, where he controlled all the evil harsh lands outside the Nile Valley. Set wasn’t all bad, however. In the old days, he sailed on Ra’s boat and helped defend the sun god from the armies of the chaos serpent Apep. Set is usually pictured with red skin and the head of an unknown animal demon – part dog, part anteater, all ugly.
Nephthys
The river goddess, wife of Set and the sister of Isis. Nephthys didn’t like her husband very much, because after he killed Osiris, Nephthys helped Isis collected his pieces and bind them together. She was a kind and gentle goddess, and mother of Anubis, the god of funeral rites.
Horus
Called the Avenger, Horus was the son of Isis and Osiris. When he grew to manhood, he challenged Set and eventually defeated him, becoming the new pharaoh of Egypt. Afterwards, all mortal pharaohs considered themselves to be the descendants of Horus. Horus’s symbol was the falcon, and he is often pictured as a man with a falcon’s head.
Bast
Cats were extremely popular in Egypt, because they could kill snakes, scorpions, and other nasty creatures. Bast, the goddess of cats, was just as popular. Bast was a protective goddess, and people would wear amulets with her likeness for good luck, especially during the bad luck Demon Days at the end of each year. In cat form, Bast is often pictured with a knife, fighting the chaos serpent Apep. She was Ra’s faithful cat.
Sobek
The god of crocodiles was both respected and feared. Crocodiles were strong creatures. In ancient Egypt, an entire city was named after them: Crocodilopolis, and Sobek had a temple with a lake full of crocodiles. However, crocodiles were fearsome predators, and many Egyptians were killed each year if they got too near the river. Sobek was pictured as a crocodile-headed man. His sweat was said to have created the rivers of the world. Yuck!
Serqet
The goddess of scorpions was both good and bad. She could send scorpions after her enemies, and a single scorpion bite could kill you. On the other hand, you could pray to Serqet for protection from poison, and sometimes she was seen as a guardian of children. She was pictured as a woman with a giant scorpion for a crown. How’d you like that on your head?
Anubis
Anubis the god of funerals was one of the most important gods, because he helped prepare the soul for the Afterlife and escorted the dead to the hall of judgment. The Egyptians noticed jackals hanging around their graveyards, so they decided jackals must be Anubis’s sacred animals. Priests even wore jackal masks when they made the pharaoh’s body into a mummy. Anubis helped Isis make Osiris into the first mummy. Anubis is usually pictured as a man with a jackal’s head, leading a departed spirit through the Duat.
Bes
Bes is god of dwarves, protector of households, mothers and children. One of the ugliest and most popular gods in Ancient Egypt, Bes had the power to scare off evil spirits. He often appeared on amulets and in sculpture as a hairy little man with a lion-like mane and a pug nose. Egyptians believed that dwarves (and other people who were born different) were inherently magical. Bes was considered extremely good luck. He watched over the common man, children, women in childbirth, and anyone else who needed protection from evil.
Khonsu
Khonsu, the god of the moon, loved to gamble. In fact, he once lost five days of moonlight to the sky goddess Nut in a game of senet, which allowed Nut to give birth to her five children. Sometimes, Khonsu is depicted as a hawk-headed god, but more often he looks like a young man with a side-lock of hair, like an Egyptian youth. His favorite color is silver.
Nekhbet
Nekhbet is the goddess of vultures. One of the oldest goddesses of Egypt, Nekhbet was a patron of the pharaoh, and is often pictured with her wings spread over the king. Her shrine was in Nekheb, the city of the dead, where she oversaw the oldest oracle in Egypt. Like all vultures, she preyed on the dead and dying. If you see Nekhbet hovering over you, start dancing! Let her know you’re still alive!
Babi
Unlike the wise baboons of Thoth, Babi was the god of wild baboons, especially alpha males. He was aggressive and bloodthirsty, and was given the job of eating the wicked dead in the Underworld. He especially loved entrails. Yum! Babi is definitely not a primate you want to fight.
Tawaret
Tawaret is the goddess of hippos. While the Egyptians were scared of male hippos, they saw the female hippo goddess Tawaret as a gentle protector. She looked after pregnant women especially, and is often depicted with a swollen belly. Like Bes, she could scare off evil spirits.
What is Peto’s Paradox?
Peto’s Paradox is named after epidemiologist Richard Peto, who noted the relationship between time and cancer when he was studying how tumors form in mice. Peto observed that the probability of cancer progression was related to the duration of exposure to the carcinogen benzpyrene. He later added body mass to the equation, when he wondered why humans both contain 1000 times more cells and live 30 times longer than mice, yet the two species do not suffer incredibly different probabilities of developing cancer. Further, cancer was not a major cause of mortality for large and long-lived wild animals, despite the increased theoretical risks. How can this be?
Why is it a paradox?
In a multicellular organism, cells must go through a cell cycle that includes growth and division. Every time a human cell divides, it must copy its six billion base pairs of DNA, and it inevitably makes some mistakes. These mistakes are called somatic mutations. Some somatic mutations may occur in genetic pathways that control cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, telomere erosion, and growth of new blood vessels, disrupting the normal checks on carcinogenesis. If every cell division carries a certain chance that a cancer-causing somatic mutation could occur, then the risk of developing cancer should be a function of the number of cell divisions in an organism’s lifetime. Therefore, large bodied and long-lived organisms should face a higher lifetime risk of cancer simply due to the fact that their bodies contain more cells and will undergo more cell divisions over the course of their lifespan. However, a 2015 study that compared cancer incidence from zoo necropsy data for 36 mammals found that a higher risk of cancer does not correlate with increased body mass or lifespan. In fact, the evidence suggested that larger long-lived mammals actually get less cancer. This has profound implications for our understanding of how nature has solved the cancer problem over the course of evolution.
How can you translate a solution in some other species to prevent cancer in humans?
Ideally, comparative studies could highlight potential targets where the genetic mechanisms underlying cancer suppression in one species could be transferred to another, with clinical implications. For instance, it was found that genetically altering mice to overexpress a form of the TP53 protein conferred a cancer-suppressive phenotype; however, these mice also displayed a premature ageing phenotype. Surprisingly, another study created ‘super p53’ mice which contained extra copies of the TP53 gene—similar to the elephant genome—under their normal promoters, and these mice revealed an enhanced DNA damage response and cancer suppression without the ageing effect. Work is now underway to develop medicines based on the TP53 pathway. While the search for solutions to Peto’s Paradox across a diversity of species is still in progress, it will no doubt require substantial effort to translate recent discoveries into effective therapies for humans.
But wait, why haven’t all animals evolved extra tumor suppression mechanisms?
Cancer is a potential problem for all multicellular life and there is no expectation that a species should be completely cancer free; in fact, elephants still get cancer—about 5% of deaths in zoos according to one study. Cancer has also been found in whales. There are a few potential reasons that cancer is still a problem for multicellular animals. First, cancer defense mechanisms, such as DNA repair, cell cycle control, and immune function, can be costly. There are likely energetic trade-offs between cancer suppression and other important life history components, such as reproduction and growth. Cancer is a disease of ageing populations both because there is weaker selection to avoid problems after reproduction, and because it takes time to accumulate all the mutations necessary to cause a cancer. For animals that are short-lived (such as mice), it doesn’t make much sense to invest much in cancer defense mechanisms. These animals are more likely to die of other extrinsic causes (such as predators) than of cancer. Second, benefits early in life that increase an organism’s fitness may lead to disease susceptibility later in life, an evolutionary term called antagonistic pleiotropy. For example, there may be a genetic variant that allows an organism to get big fast—increasing its mating potential and decreasing the likelihood it will be killed by a predator—but this same genetic variant may also lead to cancer susceptibility as the animal ages.
If you’re searching for a pet that’s gentle and loving, the Russian blue is the perfect cat to add to your family.
Russian Blue Cat at a Glance
Gray cat with green eyes on a cat bed
Weight range:
Male: 10-12 pounds
Female: 7-10 pounds
Eye color:
Eyes are yellow with green rims as a kitten and become bright green as an adult.
Expectations:
Longevity Range: 15-20 years
Social/Attention Needs: Low
Tendency to Shed: Low
Coat:
Length: Short
Characteristics: Straight, double-coat, plush
Colors: Dark gray tipped with silver
Pattern: None. Faint stripes may be present as a kitten but disappear in adulthood.
Less Allergenic: Yes
Overall Grooming Needs: Low
Club recognition:
Cat Association Recognition:
CFA, ACFA, FIFe, TICA, WCF
Prevalence: Rare
Thylacoleo carnifex, a marsupial lion, is an extinct species of carnivorous marsupial mammal that lived in Australia from the early to the late Pleistocene (1.6 million–46 thousand years ago).[1] Despite its name, it is not closely related to the lion, but is a member of the order Diprotodontia, one of the taxonomic groups of Australian marsupials.
Description
A species of Thylacoleo, it is the largest meat-eating mammal known to have ever existed in Australia, and one of the larger metatherian carnivores of the world (comparable to Thylacosmilus and Borhyaena species, but smaller than Proborhyaenidae). Individuals ranged up to around 75 cm (30 in) high at the shoulder and about 150 cm (59 in) from head to tail. Measurements taken from a number of specimens show they averaged 101 to 130 kg (223 to 287 lb) in weight, although individuals as large as 124–160 kg (273–353 lb) might not have been uncommon, and the largest weight was of 128–164 kg (282–362 lb).[2] This would make it comparable to female lions and female tigers in general size.
The animal was extremely robust with powerfully built jaws and very strong forelimbs. It possessed retractable claws, a unique trait among marsupials. This would have allowed the claws to remain sharp by protecting them from being worn down on hard surfaces. The claws were well-suited to securing prey and for climbing trees. The first digits (“thumbs”) on each hand were semi-opposable and bore an enlarged claw. Palaeontologists believe this would have been used to grapple its intended prey, as well as providing it with a sure footing on tree trunks and branches. The hind feet had four functional toes, the first digit being much reduced in size, but possessing a roughened pad similar to that of possums, which may have assisted with climbing. The discovery in 2005 of a specimen which included complete hind feet provided evidence that the marsupial lion exhibited syndactyly (fused second and third toes) like other diprotodonts.[3]
The species hindquarters were also well-developed, although to a lesser extent than the front of the animal. Remains of the animal show it had a relatively thick and strong tail and the vertebrae possessed chevrons on their undersides where the tail would have contacted the ground. These would have served to protect critical elements such as nerves and blood vessels if the animal used its tail to support itself when on its hind legs, much like present day kangaroos do. Taking this stance would free up its fore limbs to tackle or slash at its intended victim.[4] The discovery of complete skeletons preserving both the tail and clavicles (collarbones) in Australia’s Komatsu Cave in the town of Naracoorte and Flight Star Cave in the Nullarbor Plain, indicate the marsupial lion had a thick, stiff tail that comprised half the spinal column’s length. The tail may have been used in novel behaviors not seen in other marsupials, and was probably held aloft continuously. The discovery of the clavicle indicates that the marsupial lion may have had a similar type of locomotion to the modern Tasmanian devil.
Evolutionary relationships
The ancestors of thylacoleonids are believed to have been herbivores, something unusual for carnivores. Cranial features and arboreal characteristics suggest that thylacoleonids share a common ancestor with wombats.[6] While other continents were sharing many of their predators amongst themselves, as they were connected by land, Australia’s isolation caused many of its normally docile herbivorous species to turn carnivorous.[7] Possum-like features were once thought to indicate that the marsupial lion’s evolutionary path was from a phalangeriform ancestor, however, scientists agree that more prominent features suggest a vombatiform ancestry. However, the recently discovered Microleo is a possum-like animal.
The marsupial lion’s limb proportions and muscle mass distribution indicate that, although it was a powerful animal, it was not a particularly fast runner. Paleontologists conjecture that it was an ambush predator, either sneaking up and then leaping upon its prey, or dropping down on it from overhanging tree branches (a behaviour that may have been preserved in tribal memory and been the original inspiration for the fictional animal the drop bear, per a BBC documentary series[13]). This is consistent with the depictions of the animal as striped: camouflage of that kind is needed for stalking and hiding in a largely forested habitat (like tigers) rather than chasing across open spaces (like lions).[14] Trace fossils in the form of claw marks and bones from caves in Western Australia analyzed by Gavin Prideaux et al. indicate marsupial lions could also climb rock faces, and likely reared their young in such caves as a way of protecting them from potential predators.[15] It is thought to have hunted large animals such as the enormous Diprotodon and giant browsing kangaroos like Sthenurus and Procoptodon, and competed with other predatory animals such as the giant monitor lizard, megalania, and terrestrial crocodiles such as Quinkana. The marsupial lion may have cached kills in trees in a manner similar to the modern leopard.[16] Like many predators, it was probably also an opportunistic scavenger, feeding on carrion and driving off less powerful predators from their kills. It also may have shared behaviours exhibited by recent diprotodont marsupials such as kangaroos, like digging shallow holes under trees to reduce body temperature during the day.
About Dimorphodon
Dimorphodon is a pterosaur which lived approximately 175 million to 160 million years ago – from the Middle Jurassic Period through the Late Jurassic Period. It was first discovered during the 19th century and was named by Richard Owen in 1859. Its name means “two-formed tooth.” It was given this name because it had two different types of teeth in its jaws. The front teeth looked like they were designed to grab prey and its back ones look like it was used to grind things up.
If you look closely at Dimorphodon pictures, then you might be quick to come to the conclusion that someone drew this animal wrong. After all, it does have that look like it was a model that somebody put together wrong – that somehow it large head was placed on its slender body by mistake. However, I assure you that is how this flying reptile actually looked.
Dimorphodon was approximately 2 feet long, weighed around 2 pounds and had a wingspan of about 4 feet. That made it about the size of a modern-day American Crow. However, it was probably a whole lot scarier than today’s crows because it did have that head that was filled with razor-sharp teeth. Teeth that could have been used to eat fish but may have also been used to eat insects as well. Paleontologists are quite sure at the moment.
One of the most interesting facts about Dimorphodon is that it had a long tail with a flap of skin at the end that was shaped like a diamond. Paleontologists believe that this was used to stabilize it during flight – much in the same way a tail is used to stabilize a kite. Which probably means that this pterosaur soared instead of actually flying, although it may have done a combination of both depending on the situation.
About Scutosaurus
Scutosaurus was an anapsid reptile which lived approximately 250 million years ago during the Late Permian Period. It was first discovered during the 1920s in Russia and was named by Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii in 1922. Its name means “shield lizard” in Greek.
As you can probably tell from Scutosaurus pictures, this para-reptile was a massive creature. It was approximately 6 feet long – or about as long as a human male is long and weighed around 1,000 pounds – or a little more than what a horse weighs. It had thick bones and was also heavy muscled, which made it pretty strong. It was also covered in armor plates that would have given it some kind of defense against creatures which may have tried to have eaten it. Which it would’ve needed considering that it was probably pretty slow.
However, one of the most interesting facts about Scutosaurus isn’t its enormous size or its armor plating. No, what is interesting is that it probably wandered the flood plains of Eurasia like buffalo did on the plains of North America, hundreds of millions of years later. Paleontologists believe these huge herds of Scutosaurus would bellow to each other – much in the way cows do today. This has been substantiated by this creature’s huge cheeks which would have acted as bellows to allow them to communicate with each other.
Traveling in packs would have given this armored animal yet another form of defense. Herds provide animals a better chance of surviving a predator attack. Usually, when a predator attacks a herd it picks out the slowest or weakest of the herd. This allows the rest of the herd to escape. One of the predators which may have tried to attack Scutosaurus was Inostrancevia – a therapsid which had huge saber-tooth like teeth.
Scutosaurus lived on a diet of the dry vegetation which existed during this time and it had teeth that could get the job done. Its big, flat teeth could grind down plant matter so it could be further processed in its enormous gut. Most likely, this grazing anapsid reptile would have had to have eaten a whole lot of plants and grasses to maintain its enormous weight.
The red wolf (Canis lupus rufus[7][8] or Canis rufus[2][5]) is a canine native to the southeastern United States which has a reddish-tawny color to its fur. Morphologically it is intermediate between the coyote and gray wolf, and is very closely related to the eastern wolf of eastern Canada.
The red wolf’s proper taxonomic classification — in essence, whether it is an admixture of wolf and coyote or a third, distinct species — has been contentious for well over a century and is still under debate. Because of this, it is sometimes excluded from endangered species lists despite its critically low numbers.[9][10] Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service currently recognizes the red wolf as an endangered species and grants protected status.[11] Canis rufus is not listed in the CITES Appendices of endangered species.
History through the Red Wolf ‘s eyes
Since 1996 the IUCN has listed it as a critically endangered species.[2History
Red wolves were originally distributed throughout the southeastern and south-central United States from the Atlantic Ocean to central Texas, southeastern Oklahoma and southwestern Illinois in the west, and in the north from the Ohio River Valley, northern Pennsylvania and southern New York south to the Gulf of Mexico.[12] The red wolf was nearly driven to extinction by the mid-1900s due to aggressive predator-control programs, habitat destruction, and extensive hybridization with coyotes. By the late 1960s, it occurred in small numbers in the Gulf Coast of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Fossil Evidence
The paleontologist Ronald M. Nowak notes that the oldest fossil remains of the red wolf are 10,000 years old and were found in Florida near Melbourne, Brevard County, Withlacoochee River, Citrus County, and Devil’s Den Cave, Levy County. He notes that there are only a few, but questionable, fossil remains of the gray wolf found in the southeastern states. He proposes that following the extinction of the dire wolf, the coyote appears to have been displaced from the southeastern US by the red wolf until the last century, when the extirpation of wolves allowed the coyote to expand its range. He also proposes that the ancestor of all North American and Eurasian wolves was C. mosbachensis, which lived in the Middle Pleistocene 700,000–300,000 years ago.[1]
C. mosbachensis was a wolf that once lived across Eurasia before going extinct. It was smaller than most North American wolf populations and smaller than C. rufus, and has been described as being similar in size to the small Indian wolf, Canis lupus pallipes. He further proposes that C. mosbachensis invaded North America where it became isolated by the later glaciation and there gave rise to C. rufus. In Eurasia, C. mosbachensis evolved into C. lupus, which later invaded North America.[17]:242
The paleontologist and expert on the genus Canis’ natural history, Xiaoming Wang, looked at red wolf fossil material but could not state if it was, or was not, a separate species. He said that Nowak had put together more morphometric data on red wolves than anybody else, but Nowak’s statistical analysis of the data revealed a red wolf that is difficult to deal with. Wang proposes that studies of ancient DNA taken from fossils might help settle the debate.
DNA Studies
Different DNA studies may give conflicting results because of the specimens selected, the technology used, and the assumptions made by the researchers.[36][a]
Phylogenetic trees compiled using different genetic markers have given conflicting results on the relationship between the wolf, dog and coyote. One study based on SNPs[38] (a single mutation), and another based on nuclear gene sequences[39] (taken from the cell nucleus), showed dogs clustering with coyotes and separate from wolves. Another study based on SNPS showed wolves clustering with coyotes and separate from dogs.[40] Other studies based on a number of markers show the more widely accepted result of wolves clustering with dogs separate from coyotes.[41][42] These results demonstrate that caution is needed when interpreting the results provided by genetic markers.
About the Narwhal and It’s features
The narwhal or narwhale (Monodon monoceros) is a medium-sized toothed whale that possesses a large “tusk” from a protruding canine tooth. It lives year-round in the Arctic waters around Greenland, Canada, and Russia. It is one of two living species of whale in the family Monodontidae, along with the beluga whale. The narwhal males are distinguished by a long, straight, helical tusk, which is an elongated upper left canine. The narwhal was one of many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his publication Systema Naturae in 1758.
Like the beluga, narwhals are medium-sized whales. For both sexes, excluding the male’s tusk, the total body size can range from 3.95 to 5.5 m (13 to 18 ft); the males are slightly larger than the females. The average weight of an adult narwhal is 800 to 1,600 kg (1,760 to 3,530 lb). At around 11 to 13 years old, the males become sexually mature; females become sexually mature at about 5 to 8 years old. Narwhals do not have a dorsal fin, and their neck vertebrae are jointed like those of most other mammals, not fused as in dolphins and most whales.
Found primarily in Canadian Arctic and Greenlandic and Russian waters, the narwhal is a uniquely specialized Arctic predator. In winter, it feeds on benthic prey, mostly flatfish, under dense pack ice. During the summer, narwhals eat mostly Arctic cod and Greenland halibut, with other fish such as polar cod making up the remainder of their diet.[5] Each year, they migrate from bays into the ocean as summer comes. In the winter, the male narwhals occasionally dive up to 1,500 m (4,920 ft) in depth, with dives lasting up to 25 minutes. Narwhals, like most toothed whales, communicate with “clicks”, “whistles”, and “knocks”.
Narwhals can live up to 50 years. They are often killed by suffocation after being trapped due to the formation of sea ice. Other causes of death, specifically among young whales, are starvation and predation by orcas. As previous estimates of the world narwhal population were below 50,000, narwhals are categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Nearly Threatened. More recent estimates list higher populations (upwards of 170,000), thus lowering the status to Least Concern.[4] Narwhals have been harvested for hundreds of years by Inuit people in northern Canada and Greenland for meat and ivory, and a regulated subsistence hunt continues.
The Narwhals tusk
The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is a single long tusk, which is in fact a canine tooth[18][19] that projects from the left side of the upper jaw, through the lip, and forms a left-handed helix spiral. The tusk grows throughout life, reaching a length of about 1.5 to 3.1 m (4.9 to 10.2 ft). It is hollow and weighs around 10 kg (22 lb). About one in 500 males has two tusks, occurring when the right canine also grows out through the lip. Only about 15 percent of females grow a tusk[20] which typically is smaller than a male tusk, with a less noticeable spiral.[21][22][23] Collected in 1684, there is only one known case of a female growing a second tusk (image).[24]
Scientists have long speculated on the biological function of the tusk. Proposed functions include use of the tusk as a weapon, for opening breathing holes in sea ice, in feeding, as an acoustic organ, and as a secondary mating organ. The leading theory has long been that the narwhal tusk serves as a secondary mating organ of males, for nonviolent assessment of hierarchical status on the basis of relative tusk size.[25] However, detailed analysis reveals that the tusk is a highly innervated sensory organ with millions of nerve endings connecting seawater stimuli in the external ocean environment with the brain.[26][27][28][29] The rubbing of tusks together by male narwhals is thought to be a method of communicating information about characteristics of the water each has traveled through, rather than the previously assumed posturing display of aggressive male-to-male rivalry.[28] In August 2016, drone videos of narwhals surface-feeding in Tremblay Sound, Nunavut showed that the tusk was used to tap and stun small Arctic cod, making them easier to catch for feeding.[30][31] It’s important to note, however, that the tusk can not serve a critical function for narwhals’ survival because females, who generally do not have tusks, still manage to live longer than males and occur in the same areas. Therefore, the general scientific consensus is that the narwhal tusk is a sexual trait, much like the antlers of a stag, the mane of a lion, or the feathers of a peacock.[32]
A hieroglyph (Greek for “sacred carvings”) was a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system. Logographic scripts that are pictographic in form in a way reminiscent of ancient Egyptian are also sometimes called “hieroglyphs”.[1] In Neoplatonism, especially during the Renaissance, a “hieroglyph” was an artistic representation of an esoteric idea, which Neoplatonists believed actual Egyptian hieroglyphs to be. The word hieroglyphics refer to a hieroglyphic script.
The Egyptians invented the pictorial script. The appearance of these distinctive figures in 3000 BCE marked the beginning of Egyptian civilization. Though based on images, Egyptian script was more than a sophisticated form of picture-writing. Each picture/glyph served one of three functions: (1) to represent the image of a thing or action, (2) to stand for a sound or the sounds of one to as many as three syllables, or (3) to clarify the precise meaning of adjoining glyphs. Writing hieroglyphs required some artistic skill, limiting the number chosen to learn it.[2] Only those privileged with an extensive education (i.e. the Pharaoh, nobility and priests) were able to read and write hieroglyphs; others used simpler ‘joined-up’ versions: demotic and hieratic script.
List of scripts and script-like systems sometimes labeled ‘hieroglyphic
One of the two forms of the Meroitic writing system is usually described as “Meroitic hieroglyphs” because the characters are similar to and in most cases derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. They are used, however, not as logographs but as letters.
Automobili Lamborghini S.P.A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant’Agata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi.
The Lamborghini Aventador is a new car released by Lamborghini. The Lamborghini Aventador is a mid-engined sports car produced by the Italian manufacturer Lamborghini. Launched on 28 February 2011 at the Geneva Motor Show, five months after its initial unveiling in Sant’Agata Bolognese, the vehicle, internally codenamed LB834, was designed to replace the then-decade-old Murciélago as the new flagship model. Revoluanary of every idea from Automobili Lamborghini. The Lamborghini Aventador ‘s V12 engine can kick up to 350 km per hour. Whether it is aerospace-inspired design or technologies applied to the naturally aspirated V12 engine or carbon-fiber structure, going beyond accepted limits is part of their philosophy. The Aventador advances every concept of performance, immediately establishing itself as the benchmark for the super sports car sector. Giving a glimpse of the future today, it comes from a family of supercars already considered legendary.
Each and every detail of the Aventador bears the hallmarks of the House of the Raging Bull. It is a true masterpiece of design that expresses dynamism and power, with the carbon-fiber monocoque the jewel in its crown. The interior combines high-level technology and luxury equipment, crafted by skilled artisans. So this is why the Lamborghini Aventador is my favorite car, hope this becomes your favorite car too!!!
Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do, was to learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room , I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over, the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they both were older than me , they didn’t seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel to be more at ease. We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly coloured water wings to help us stay afloat. The other student, Jeron and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Things were not that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient and I worked hard. Sooner than I imagined, I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling – like flying, maybe – to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off. Not only did I learn how to swim and conquer my fear of the water, but I also learnt something about learning. Now when I am faced with a new situation I am not so nervous. It is a wonderful free feeling when you achieve a goal you have set for yourself.